1. The Role of Online Biodiversity Databases David E. Schindel, Executive Secretary National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution SchindelD@si.eduSchindelD@si.edu; http://www.barcoding.si.edu http://www.barcoding.si.edu SchindelD@si.edu http://www.barcoding.si.edu 202/633-0812; fax 202/633-2938

2. Encyclopedia of Life Taxonomic revisions, biotic surveys Published species descriptions Public database records Description/revision not yet published Data not yet released Not yet described Not yet in specimen catalog Not yet examined Not yet curated Not yet collected

3. Producers and Consumers of Taxonomy Taxonomists are both producers and consumers Produces tendency for taxonomy to be interest-driven Funding for taxonomy has been driven largely by basic research agencies Growth in funding will have to come from new sources

4. Taxonomists Funding sources Taxonomists Applied users Results Support Description of new species? Phylogenetic analyses? Taxonomic revisions? Biotic inventories? What are the Returns on Investment for: Identification services? Collection curation? Creation of public databases? Education and outreach? Users Providers

10. TreeBase Assembling the Tree of Life Seven annual NSF competitions 40 project awards to US universities, museums and herbaria International participation 3322 authors, 1783 studies 4878 trees, 84907 taxa

16. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) An online encyclopedia composed of 1.8 million web sites –One for each known species EOL is developing two aspects of the original GBIF work programme –SpeciesBank--assemblage of all kinds of information about species –Digital library of biodiversity literature

17. Components of the Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Each site consists of several components –Species page for the general public Draft pages assembled via mashup technology Drafts authenticated by experts (“curators”) using controlled wikis Information protected from being changed by anyone except the curators –But anyone can comment on the information and or suggest things to add –Curators will examine these suggestions and may move some of the information to the protected part

20. Uses of Integrated Data Research tool GIS data layer for interdisciplinary research Predictive tool: –Spread of invasive species –Undersampled areas relative to predicted biodiversity –Anomalies relative to environmental data Analysis of biodiversity responses to climate change (back-casting to archival data)

21. GEOSS Mission for Biodiversity: Understanding, monitoring and conserving biodiversity Issues in this area include the condition and extent of ecosystems, distribution and status of species, and genetic diversity in key populations. Implementing GEOSS will unify many disparate biodiversity observing systems and create a platform to integrate biodiversity data with other types of information. Taxonomic and spatial gaps will be filled, and the pace of information collection and dissemination will be increased.

22. GEOSS Biodiversity Work Packages Capturing Historical Biodiversity Data (Led by GBIF) Biodiversity Observation Network (DIVERSITAS International) Invasive Species Monitoring System (USA)

23. Example Illustration of Predictive Capacity of Ecological Niche Modeling regarding Species’ Invasions A. Townsend Peterson University of Kansas

24. Abiotic niche Biotic interactions Accessibility Species Invasion

25. Abiotic niche Biotic interactions Accessibility Species Invasion

26. Aedes albopictus Known as the “Asian Tiger Mosquito” Invader; fastest spreading mosquito in the world Aggressive daytime biter and pest Known to transmit Dengue, La Crosse, St. Louis, Eastern Equine, Ross River, Rift Valley, and West Nile Viruses

27. Aedes albopictus Present predicted distribution, native range in Asia

28. Aedes albopictus: USA invasion Projected Asian niche into USA present to create invasion risk-map. How well did GARP perform...

29. Aedes albopictus: USA invasion

30. Aedes albopictus: world risk-map

31. Example Historic museum collections and climate change H. M. Kharouba & J. T. Kerr Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research Department of Biology, University of Ottawa

33. Example Mexico’s use of biodiversity data for resource management Jorge Soberon M. CONABIO and University of Kansas

34. Localities of Plant Specimens in different Herbaria TEX (Universidad de Texas en Austin)UADY (University de Yucatan) ARIZ (University de Arizona) CIDIIR (Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de Durango)

35. XAL (Instituto de Ecología de Xalapa)CAS (California Academy of Sciences) MEXU (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) CICY (Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de Yucatan) Localities of Plant Specimens in different Herbaria

36. The Virtual Herbarium of Mexico 700,000 registers from 25 Herbaria In Mexico and the United States. Pool the data together...

37. The Biodiversity World Information Network (REMIB): 28 nodes in six different countries 104 collections, more than 6.3 million data records DIGIR compliant,. Soon it will join the GBIF network

38. Growth of the database

39. I. The Cactus Moth Cactoblastis cactorum Devours every single species of prickley- pear that has been tried. In the US and Mexico there are more than 90 species of Platyopuntia, many endangered, vital componente of arid ecosystems. In Mexico, Opuntia is the 10 th product of agricultural importance

40. Cactoblastis cactorum Data points obtained from the NMNH, USA

41. Climate surface obtained by Floramap (12 layers)

42. Platyopuntia localities MNHSD, IBUNAM, ENCB, MOBOT, NMNH, UAH

43. Predicted number of species of Platyopuntia Opuntia lagunae Fotografías de la planta y el fruto de Jon Rebman Fotografía de las flores de George Lindsay http://www.oceanoasis.org/fieldguide/opun-lag-sp.html

44. Red isolines: High similarity to climate in the original Cactoblastis cactorum sites. Blue regions: Richness of species of Platyopuntia. Vulnerable areas to Cactoblastis (right climate and right food)

45. Selecting areas for new explorations The biological inventory of Mexico is far from finished Where to invest scarce resources? How much to invest?

46. Non-agricultural, non-cattle and non-urban land use

47. Localities with plant species belonging to “arid vegetation”

48. An overlay of “natural vegetation” and “arid” species

49. Natural vegetation, “arid species” and roads

50. Areas selected for floristic expeditions

51. Stopping rules Accumulation curves are used. Negotiation with scientists are based on them. Formal “stopping rules”, based on decision theory are being developed.

52. Monthly accesses to Conabio´s Web Page Number of Hits in log 10 Scale

53. Monthly records provided to users through Remib Numbero of records in Log 10 Scale

54. Distributions of type of user

55. DNA Barcodes: A Key Variable for Biodiversity Informatics Authority files of taxonomic names Museum databases of associated data Databases of species occurrences and distribution (OBIS)

56. Adoption by Regulators US Federal Aviation Administration – All Birds US Environmental Protection Agency –$250K pilot test, water quality bioassessment US Food and Drug Administration –Reference barcodes for commercial fish FISH-BOL and fish regulatory agencies –CBOL workshop in Taipei, September 2007 FAO International Plant Protection Commission –Proposal for Diagnostic Protocols for fruit flies CITES, National Agencies, Conservation NGOs –International Steering Committee, identifying pilot projects

57. Long-term data curation of BARCODE records Data records assembled in BOLD IDs consistent with other records? Compliant with BARCODE standards? Data records released on INSDC Data records published in BOLD Community feedback Update records (audit trail of species names retained) CBOL control of BARCODE flag GenBank adds BARCODE flag

58. An Invitation International Conference on Biodiversity Informatics Spring 2009 Convened by Encyclopedia of Life Co-organized by GBIF, TDWG, OBIS, EDIT, CBOL… Showcase products, capabilities, uses Engage providers and users Discuss the next generation of efforts

60. Barcode Sequence Voucher Specimen Species Name Specimen Metadata Literature (link to content or citation) BARCODE Records in INSDC Indices - Catalogue of Life - GBIF/ECAT Nomenclators - Zoo Record - IPNI - NameBank Publication links - New species Georeference Habitat Character sets Images Behavior Other genes Trace files Other Databases Phylogenetic Pop’n Genetics Ecological Primers Databases - Provisional sp.

61. Structured Link to Vouchers Institutional Acronym Collection Code Catalog ID ::

62. Structured Link to Vouchers NHMLEP123456 :: personalDHJanzenSRNP12345 ::

63. CBOL/GBIF/NCBI Registry of Biorepositories

65. Link from GenBank to Museums

67. Linkout from GenBank to Taxonomy