1. The Chicano Movement Mexican Americans and Politics Class 6 January 26, 2006

2. From Last Time

3. Economic Change, 1945-1965 Sustained national economic growth Emergence of a new Mexican American middle class Expansion of educational opportunities, particularly higher education Labor shortages and new migration from Mexico Bracero Program Undocumented migration Particular growth in the Southwest and West Unions and division in Mexican American communities over immigration policy

4. Social Change, 1945-1965 Heterogeneity among Mexican Americans Native and foreign born English and Spanish speaking Urban and rural Southwest and non-Southwest Class Degree of acculturation The first “second generation” Sleepy Lagoon, the Zoot Suit riots and the “pathologicization” of Mexican American youth

5. Today’s Discussion The Chicano Movement

6. Culmination? After mid-1970s, rare to speak of a distinct “Mexican American politics” Mexican Americans continue to have distinct political interests and behaviors But, larger political system subsumes Mexican American interests into Latino/Hispanic politics Chicano Movement, however, is fitting culmination

7. The Era Chicano Movement part of a larger movement for social change Civil Rights Movement Anti-War Movement Early phases of Women’s Rights and Gay Rights Movements Movements not formally connected, but shared some goals and strategies

8. Economic and Social Ethos of the Era Economic Large middle class Economic growth Labor shortage New educational and employment opportunities Beginnings of large-scale immigration from countries other than Mexico Social New educated elite More social and residential integration Mexican American suburbanization

9. Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement “Taking Back the Schools” Questions to Consider: 1. What resources did students and parents have to challenge educational discrimination? 2. What barriers did they face? 3. Would they have been able to mount these challenges in 1945 or 1960? Why/why not?

10. For Next Time 1. How did the Chicano Movement organizations lay the foundation for the first “Latino” (or pan- ethnic) organizations? 2. What were the policy goals of the early Latino organizations?