1. Spirituality and End of Life Care: A Time for Listening and for Caring
Christina M. Puchalski, M.D.
The George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health (GWish)
The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Washington, D.C.
Christina Puchalski MD

2. Life Expectancy
1900: 50 years
1995: years
Christina Puchalski MD

3. Causes of Death 1900 1. Influenza 2. Tuberculosis 3. Diphtheria
4. Heart Disease
5. Cancer
6. Stroke
Christina Puchalski MD

4. Causes of Death 1995 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Stroke
Christina Puchalski MD

5. Where People Die 1900: at home
1992: 57% in hospitals % in nursing homes % in residence
Christina Puchalski MD

6. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and
Risks of
Treatments
SUPPORT JAMA 1995; 274:
Christina Puchalski MD

7. SUPPORT
• When patients had a clear preference for DNR, their physicians did not know it.
• In many cases when the physician knew their patients preference, it was not followed.
• 50% of patients had moderate to severe pain at least half the time within their last few days in the hospital.
• Most patients wanted to die at home: all died in the hospital.
Christina Puchalski MD

8. Conclusions
• Although the SUPPORT intervention failed, we can do better
• Advance directives aren’t necessarily the solution
• Improving communication and understanding are keys to improving care for dying patients
• We need quality improvement projects directed at quality of care for seriously ill and dying patients (e.g. pain control)
Christina Puchalski MD

9. ABIM Survey, 1998
85% of medical residents surveyed reported being very uncomfortable with talking to patients about dying and about their patients wishes as the end of life.
Christina Puchalski MD

10. New More Compassionate Model of Care
Focus on The Whole Person
• Physical
• Emotional
• Social
• Spiritual
Christina Puchalski MD

11. MSOP Report 1, Association of American Medical Colleges, 1998
Physicians must be compassionate and empathetic in caring for patients… In all of their interactions with patients they must seek to understand the meaning of the patients’ stories in the context of the patients’ beliefs and family and cultural values… They must continue to care for dying patients even when disease-specific therapy is no longer available or desired.
MSOP Report 1, Association of American Medical Colleges, 1998
Christina Puchalski MD

12. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO)
Pastoral counseling and other spiritual services are often an integral part of the patient’s daily life. When requested the hospital provides, or provides for, pastoral counseling services.
Christina Puchalski MD

13. American College of Physicians End-of-Life Consensus Panel, 1998
Physicians should extend their care for those with serious medical illness by attentiveness to psychosocial, existential, or spiritual suffering.
American College of Physicians End-of-Life Consensus Panel, 1998
Christina Puchalski MD

14. Initiative in Improving End-of-Life Care
• Last Acts Campaign, Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation
• EPEC, American Medical Association
• John Templeton Foundation and GWish
Awards on Curricula in Spirituality and Medicine
• IHI collaborative on Improving Care at
The End of Life
Christina Puchalski MD

15. What the Research Shows
Christina Puchalski MD

16. The overarching message that emerges from this study is that the American people want to reclaim and reassert the spiritual dimension in dying.
George H Gallup, 1997
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17. Dying patients have less death anxiety than healthy patients
Dying patients have less death anxiety than healthy patients. Religious meaning and the strength of ones religious beliefs play an important role in one’s not being afraid to die.
Gibbs, H.W., Achterberg-Lawiis, J. J. “Spiritual Values and Death Anxiety: Implications for Counseling with Terminal Cancer Patients.” Journal of Counseling Psychology (1970) 25(6): 563.
Christina Puchalski MD

18. Gallup Survey Key Findings Finding Comfort in Their Dying Days
• Companionship
• Spiritual Comfort
“Spiritual Belief and the Dying Process:
A Report on a National Survey,” 1997.
Christina Puchalski MD

19. Gallup Surveys Key Findings, cont. Spiritual Concerns
• Not being forgiven by someone for something you did
• Not having a blessing from a family member or clergy person
• What it will be like for you after you die
George H. Gallup International Institute.
“Spiritual Belief and the Dying Process:
A Report on a National Survey,” 1997.
Christina Puchalski MD

20. Gallup Surveys Key Findings, cont. Reassurances That Give Comfort
• 89%: Believing that you will be in the loving presence of God or a higher power
• 87%: Believing that death is not the end but a passage
• 87%: Believing that part of you will live on through your children and descendants
• 85%: Feeling that you are reconciled with those you have hurt or who have hurt you
George H. Gallup International Institute.
“Spiritual Belief and the Dying Process:
A Report on a National Survey,” 1997.
Christina Puchalski MD

21. Gallup Surveys Key Findings, cont. Reassurances That Give Comfort
• 82%: Having given or received the blessings that are important to you
• 76%: Believing that you have made your mark on the world
• 55%: Knowing that ritual prayers will be performed for you
George H. Gallup International Institute.
“Spiritual Belief and the Dying Process:
A Report on a National Survey,” 1997.
Christina Puchalski MD

22. Research in Spirituality and Health Coping: Advanced Cancer
• Patients in a hospice in Burlington, VT, were studied. Their spiritual beliefs were found to be positively correlated with:
- increased life satisfaction
- happiness
- diminished pain
Yates, Med Ped Onc, 1918; 9:
Christina Puchalski MD

23. Research in Spirituality and Health Coping: Pain Questionnaire by Amer Pain Society to Hospitalized Patients
• Personal Prayer most commonly used non-drug method for pain management:
- Pain Pills 82%
- Prayer 76%
- Pain IV Med 66%
- Pain Injections 62%
- Relaxation 33%
- Touch 19%
- Massage 9%
McNeill, JA et.al.
J of Pain and Symptom Management, 1998; 16(1):29-40
Christina Puchalski MD

24. Research in Spirituality and Health Coping: Bereavement
• Study of 145 parents of children who died of cancer:
- 80% reported receiving comfort from their
religious beliefs one year after their child’s death
- Those parents had better physiologic and
emotional adjustment
- 40% of those parents reported strengthening of
their own religious commitment over the course
of the year prior to their child’s death
Cook, J Sci Study of Religion, 1983; 22:
Christina Puchalski MD

25. Research in Spirituality and Health Coping: Study of 108 Women Undergoing Treatment for GYN Cancers
• When asked what helped them cope with their cancer, the patients answered:
- 93%: spiritual beliefs
- 75% noted their religion had a significant place
in their lives
- 49% became more spiritual after their diagnosis
Roberts, JA et.al.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997; 176(1):
Christina Puchalski MD

26. Research in Spirituality and Health Quality of Life
• Existential domain: measures purpose, meaning in life and capacity for personal growth and self-transcendence:
- Personal existence… meaningful
- Achieving life goals… fulfillment
- Life to point… worthwhile
- These items correlate with good quality of life
for patients with advanced disease
Cohen, SR. Mount, BM et.al.
Palliative Medicine 1995; 9:
Christina Puchalski MD

27. Caregiver Stress and Spirituality
Caregivers who felt close to God, prayed frequently, and believed religion to be important felt less stress and were better able to cope with caregiving demands.
Ana Paula Cupertine
APA, August 1998
Christina Puchalski MD

28. Caregiver Stress and Spirituality, cont.
• Felt more useful and more confident
• Found new meaning to their lives
• Experienced strengthened relationships
• Were more able to appreciate life
Christina Puchalski MD

29. HIV+ Patients Who Were Also Religions Were:
• Less likely to fear death
• More likely to have discussions about resuscitation status
Kaldjian, L.C. et.al. “End-of-Life Decisions in HIV-positive Patients:
The Role of Spiritual Beliefs.” AIDS, 1998; 12(1): 103
Christina Puchalski MD

30. Spiritual Identifiers in Dying Patients
• Is there purpose or value to their life?
• Are they able to transcend their suffering?
• Are they at peace with themselves and others?
• Are they hopeful, or are they despairing?
• What nourishes their personal sense of value: prayer, religious commitment, personal faith, relationship with others?
• Do their beliefs help them cope with their anxiety about death and with their pain, and do they aid them in attaining peace?
Christina Puchalski MD

31. Assessment of the Meeting of Spiritual Needs
• Does the health care provider listen to their beliefs, faith, pain, hope or despair?
• Are patients able to express their spirituality through prayer, art, writing, reflections, guided imagery, religious or spiritual reading, ritual, or connection to others of God?
• Are referrals made to chaplains, counselors, or spiritual directors when appropriate?
Christina Puchalski MD