1. Dr. Tódor Erika Mária

2. Contents Minorites in the Romanian education system Data from Hungarian language schools Types of bilingualism Developments in teaching Romanian as a non- native language Significant principles of non-native teaching philosophy The profile of the Hungarian-Romanian speaker – features of verbal behaviour

3. Minorites in the Romanian education system (source: Murvai L., 2013)

4. Hungarian population and school population County The percentage of the adult Hungarian population Harghita84.6% Covasna73.8% Mures39.9% Satu Mare35.2% Bihor25.9% Hungarian population as a percentage of the total: 6.5 %, according to the 2011 census

5. Percentage of Hungarian school children in Romania (source: Murvai, L., 2011) Level of education Percentage of Hungarian population in schools compared to the entire population (data from 2011) On a national level 5.12% Pre-school level6.4% Elementery school5.5% Middle school5.15% Secondary school4.1%

6. Types of bilingualism (Horváth, I., 2005 ) Nr.Types of bilingualismPercentage 1.Monolingualism7.6% 2.Asymmetric bilingualism58.8% 3.Balanced bilingualism28.8% 4.Subtractive bilingualism1.8% 5.Semilingualism1.4%

7. Educational failure, learning difficulty? “We were at the seaside, and we had to point to the things we wanted to buy…” (pupil, 5 th grade) “…if I travel by train, and Romanians ask me something, I do not speak, I tell them, I don’t know, I don’t speak Romanian… I would not speak.” (pupil, 5 th grade) (focus group discussions with pupils in 2013 March-April)

8. School achievement 2014. Results of the mock test in Romanian language: (source: www.edu.ro) Exam passed: Harghita county: 36.7% of the students Covasna county: 49.1% of the students

9. Obstacles to Romanian language learning  Neither the educational policy, nor the content of the curriculum offers the opportunity for functional– pragmatic language acquisition.  While designing the educational process, neither the linguistic, nor the cultural characteristics of students are taken into account.  The features of different language groups are not observed: compact/mass, diaspora, minority

10. Obstacles to Romanian language learning  Lack of interdisciplinary approach  Knowledge competences gained through education in their native language are not used (cultural and meta- cultural competences, language competences)  Lack of contrastive-comparative approach  Curriculum development is based on monolingual and monocultural logic.

11. Changes - major steps Levels of education Until the 197Os Law valid since 2000 (art. 12O) Law valid since 2011 (art. 46) Primary education Specific curriculum- specific textbooks Specific curriculum- specific textbooks Middle school Specific curriculum- specific textbooks Specific curriculum- specific textbooks Specific curriculum- specific textbooks Secondary school Same curriculum - Same textbooks (L1, NNL) Same curriculum - Same textbooks (L1, NNL) Same curriculum - Same textbooks (L1, NNL) Assessment examination Identical assessment Specific assessment

12. Illuminating experiences The outlines of Romanian as non-native language (second language, environmental language): tailored methods for language teaching Introduction and making the concept behind the idea accepted: a specific teaching methodology Redefining scientific terminology in both languages

13. Illuminating experiences Research in the domain Conferences and publications Interdisciplinary networking Drafting curriculum based on the new approach (2006, 2012)

14. Illuminating experiences Organizing teacher’s training Research in bilingual/multilingual behaviour, desciption of their specific situations

15. Profile of the Hungarian-Romanian speaker – features of verbal behaviour Textbook

16. Profile of the Hungarian-Romanian speaker – features of verbal behaviour Linguistic pseudo-creativity e.g. Through analogy: nouător for inovator (for innovator) Adoption/ adapting words from the native tongue e.g. Give me a canal, instead of ‘spoon’ (see Hun. kanál)

17. Socio-affective dimension of verbal behaviour Communicational anguish Fear of talking, fear of making mistakes Suppression of communicational intention Withdrawal into silence Displacement of communicational intention Code switching

18. Thank you for your attention! todor.erika@yahoo.com