1. Comparison of Next Generation Gaming Architectures Presented By Dela Tsiagbe Presented By Dela Tsiagbe

2. Introduction Brief History of Gaming Platforms Brief History of Gaming Platforms Difference between consoles and personal computers Difference between consoles and personal computers Look at actual Architecture Look at actual Architecture Comparison of Vendors Comparison of Vendors Summary Summary Brief History of Gaming Platforms Brief History of Gaming Platforms Difference between consoles and personal computers Difference between consoles and personal computers Look at actual Architecture Look at actual Architecture Comparison of Vendors Comparison of Vendors Summary Summary

3. History of gaming Video gaming itself dates back to the 60’s and 70’s Video gaming itself dates back to the 60’s and 70’s Consoles such as Magnavox Odyssey, Atari, and Colecovison made gaming popular Consoles such as Magnavox Odyssey, Atari, and Colecovison made gaming popular NES NES Storytelling Storytelling Video gaming itself dates back to the 60’s and 70’s Video gaming itself dates back to the 60’s and 70’s Consoles such as Magnavox Odyssey, Atari, and Colecovison made gaming popular Consoles such as Magnavox Odyssey, Atari, and Colecovison made gaming popular NES NES Storytelling Storytelling

4. Difference between Consoles and PCs In the past it used to be true that the computing power of a PC was far more than that of a console. In the past it used to be true that the computing power of a PC was far more than that of a console. Consoles today require much more. Consoles today require much more. Most times, the type of power you get for the amount you pay for the console is more. Meaning you get more for your money when you purchase a gaming console of the same price of a PC. Most times, the type of power you get for the amount you pay for the console is more. Meaning you get more for your money when you purchase a gaming console of the same price of a PC. In the past it used to be true that the computing power of a PC was far more than that of a console. In the past it used to be true that the computing power of a PC was far more than that of a console. Consoles today require much more. Consoles today require much more. Most times, the type of power you get for the amount you pay for the console is more. Meaning you get more for your money when you purchase a gaming console of the same price of a PC. Most times, the type of power you get for the amount you pay for the console is more. Meaning you get more for your money when you purchase a gaming console of the same price of a PC.

5. Difference between Consoles and PCs (continued) Xbox 360 Stats Xbox 360 Stats Custom IBM PowerPC-based CPU Custom IBM PowerPC-based CPU * 3 symmetrical cores running at 3.2 GHz each * 3 symmetrical cores running at 3.2 GHz each * 2 hardware threads per core; 6 hardware threads total * 2 hardware threads per core; 6 hardware threads total * 1 VMX-128 vector unit per core; 3 total * 1 VMX-128 vector unit per core; 3 total * 128 VMX-128 registers per hardware thread * 128 VMX-128 registers per hardware thread * 1 MB L2 cache * 1 MB L2 cache CPU Game Math Performance CPU Game Math Performance * 9 billion dot product operations per second * 9 billion dot product operations per second Custom ATI Graphics Processor Custom ATI Graphics Processor * 500 MHz * 500 MHz * 10 MB embedded DRAM * 10 MB embedded DRAM * 48-way parallel floating-point dynamically-scheduled shader pipelines * 48-way parallel floating-point dynamically-scheduled shader pipelines * Unified shader architecture * Unified shader architecture Xbox 360 Stats Xbox 360 Stats Custom IBM PowerPC-based CPU Custom IBM PowerPC-based CPU * 3 symmetrical cores running at 3.2 GHz each * 3 symmetrical cores running at 3.2 GHz each * 2 hardware threads per core; 6 hardware threads total * 2 hardware threads per core; 6 hardware threads total * 1 VMX-128 vector unit per core; 3 total * 1 VMX-128 vector unit per core; 3 total * 128 VMX-128 registers per hardware thread * 128 VMX-128 registers per hardware thread * 1 MB L2 cache * 1 MB L2 cache CPU Game Math Performance CPU Game Math Performance * 9 billion dot product operations per second * 9 billion dot product operations per second Custom ATI Graphics Processor Custom ATI Graphics Processor * 500 MHz * 500 MHz * 10 MB embedded DRAM * 10 MB embedded DRAM * 48-way parallel floating-point dynamically-scheduled shader pipelines * 48-way parallel floating-point dynamically-scheduled shader pipelines * Unified shader architecture * Unified shader architecture

6. Difference between Consoles and PCs (continued) * PowerPC-base Core @3.2GHz * PowerPC-base Core @3.2GHz * 1 VMX vector unit per core * 1 VMX vector unit per core * 512KB L2 cache * 512KB L2 cache * 7 x SPE @3.2GHz * 7 x SPE @3.2GHz * 7 x 128b 128 SIMD GPRs * 7 x 128b 128 SIMD GPRs * 7 x 256KB SRAM for SPE * 7 x 256KB SRAM for SPE * * 1 of 8 SPEs reserved for redundancy total floating point performance: 218 GFLOPS * * 1 of 8 SPEs reserved for redundancy total floating point performance: 218 GFLOPS * PowerPC-base Core @3.2GHz * PowerPC-base Core @3.2GHz * 1 VMX vector unit per core * 1 VMX vector unit per core * 512KB L2 cache * 512KB L2 cache * 7 x SPE @3.2GHz * 7 x SPE @3.2GHz * 7 x 128b 128 SIMD GPRs * 7 x 128b 128 SIMD GPRs * 7 x 256KB SRAM for SPE * 7 x 256KB SRAM for SPE * * 1 of 8 SPEs reserved for redundancy total floating point performance: 218 GFLOPS * * 1 of 8 SPEs reserved for redundancy total floating point performance: 218 GFLOPS

7. Difference between Consoles and PCs (continued) Things to consider: Things to consider: Although there is less memory, there is no is a minimal OS running in the background Although there is less memory, there is no is a minimal OS running in the background Compatibility of hardware is never a problem Compatibility of hardware is never a problem There is very little overhead from the system itself. There is very little overhead from the system itself. Things to consider: Things to consider: Although there is less memory, there is no is a minimal OS running in the background Although there is less memory, there is no is a minimal OS running in the background Compatibility of hardware is never a problem Compatibility of hardware is never a problem There is very little overhead from the system itself. There is very little overhead from the system itself.

8. Types of processors Xbox 360 - Xenon Xbox 360 - Xenon PS3 - PowerPC Cell PS3 - PowerPC Cell Xbox 360 - Xenon Xbox 360 - Xenon PS3 - PowerPC Cell PS3 - PowerPC Cell

9. PS3 Schematics

10. Xbox 360 Schematics

11. Power PC Instruction Set li REG, VALUE li REG, VALUE loads register REG with the number VALUE loads register REG with the number VALUE add REGA, REGB, REGC add REGA, REGB, REGC adds REGB with REGC and stores the result in REGA adds REGB with REGC and stores the result in REGA addi REGA, REGB, VALUE addi REGA, REGB, VALUE add the number VALUE to REGB and stores the result in REGA add the number VALUE to REGB and stores the result in REGA mr REGA, REGB mr REGA, REGB copies the value in REGB into REGA copies the value in REGB into REGA or REGA, REGB, REGC or REGA, REGB, REGC performs a logical "or" between REGB and REGC, and stores the result in REGA performs a logical "or" between REGB and REGC, and stores the result in REGA ori REGA, REGB, VALUE ori REGA, REGB, VALUE performs a logical "or" between REGB and VALUE, and stores the result in REGA performs a logical "or" between REGB and VALUE, and stores the result in REGA and, andi, xor, xori, nand, nand, and nor and, andi, xor, xori, nand, nand, and nor all of these follow the same pattern as "or" and "ori" for the other logical operations all of these follow the same pattern as "or" and "ori" for the other logical operations ld REGA, 0(REGB) ld REGA, 0(REGB) li REG, VALUE li REG, VALUE loads register REG with the number VALUE loads register REG with the number VALUE add REGA, REGB, REGC add REGA, REGB, REGC adds REGB with REGC and stores the result in REGA adds REGB with REGC and stores the result in REGA addi REGA, REGB, VALUE addi REGA, REGB, VALUE add the number VALUE to REGB and stores the result in REGA add the number VALUE to REGB and stores the result in REGA mr REGA, REGB mr REGA, REGB copies the value in REGB into REGA copies the value in REGB into REGA or REGA, REGB, REGC or REGA, REGB, REGC performs a logical "or" between REGB and REGC, and stores the result in REGA performs a logical "or" between REGB and REGC, and stores the result in REGA ori REGA, REGB, VALUE ori REGA, REGB, VALUE performs a logical "or" between REGB and VALUE, and stores the result in REGA performs a logical "or" between REGB and VALUE, and stores the result in REGA and, andi, xor, xori, nand, nand, and nor and, andi, xor, xori, nand, nand, and nor all of these follow the same pattern as "or" and "ori" for the other logical operations all of these follow the same pattern as "or" and "ori" for the other logical operations ld REGA, 0(REGB) ld REGA, 0(REGB)

12. PowerPC Instruction Set use the contents of REGB as the memory address of the value to load into REGA use the contents of REGB as the memory address of the value to load into REGA lbz, lhz, and lwz lbz, lhz, and lwz all of these follow the same format, but operate on bytes, halfwords, and words, respectively (the "z" indicates that they also zero-out the rest of the register) all of these follow the same format, but operate on bytes, halfwords, and words, respectively (the "z" indicates that they also zero-out the rest of the register) b ADDRESS b ADDRESS jump (or branch) to the instruction at address ADDRESS jump (or branch) to the instruction at address ADDRESS bl ADDRESS bl ADDRESS subroutine call to address ADDRESS subroutine call to address ADDRESS cmpd REGA, REGB cmpd REGA, REGB compare the contents of REGA and REGB, and set the bits of the status register appropriately compare the contents of REGA and REGB, and set the bits of the status register appropriately beq ADDRESS beq ADDRESS branch to ADDRESS if the previously compared register contents were equal branch to ADDRESS if the previously compared register contents were equal bne, blt, bgt, ble, and bge bne, blt, bgt, ble, and bge all of these follow the same form, but check for inequality, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to, respectively. all of these follow the same form, but check for inequality, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to, respectively. std REGA, 0(REGB) std REGA, 0(REGB) use the contents of REGB as the memory address to save the value of REGA into use the contents of REGB as the memory address to save the value of REGA into stb, sth, and stw stb, sth, and stw use the contents of REGB as the memory address of the value to load into REGA use the contents of REGB as the memory address of the value to load into REGA lbz, lhz, and lwz lbz, lhz, and lwz all of these follow the same format, but operate on bytes, halfwords, and words, respectively (the "z" indicates that they also zero-out the rest of the register) all of these follow the same format, but operate on bytes, halfwords, and words, respectively (the "z" indicates that they also zero-out the rest of the register) b ADDRESS b ADDRESS jump (or branch) to the instruction at address ADDRESS jump (or branch) to the instruction at address ADDRESS bl ADDRESS bl ADDRESS subroutine call to address ADDRESS subroutine call to address ADDRESS cmpd REGA, REGB cmpd REGA, REGB compare the contents of REGA and REGB, and set the bits of the status register appropriately compare the contents of REGA and REGB, and set the bits of the status register appropriately beq ADDRESS beq ADDRESS branch to ADDRESS if the previously compared register contents were equal branch to ADDRESS if the previously compared register contents were equal bne, blt, bgt, ble, and bge bne, blt, bgt, ble, and bge all of these follow the same form, but check for inequality, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to, respectively. all of these follow the same form, but check for inequality, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, and greater than or equal to, respectively. std REGA, 0(REGB) std REGA, 0(REGB) use the contents of REGB as the memory address to save the value of REGA into use the contents of REGB as the memory address to save the value of REGA into stb, sth, and stw stb, sth, and stw

13. CPU Specs Three 3.2 GHz PowerPC cores ･ Shared 1MB L2 cache, 8-way set associative ･ Per-Core Features ﾐ 2-issue per cycle, in-order, decoupled Vector/Scalar issue queue Three 3.2 GHz PowerPC cores ･ Shared 1MB L2 cache, 8-way set associative ･ Per-Core Features ﾐ 2-issue per cycle, in-order, decoupled Vector/Scalar issue queue 2 symmetric fine grain hardware threads ﾐ L1 Caches: 32K 2-way I$ / 32K 4- way D$ 2 symmetric fine grain hardware threads ﾐ L1 Caches: 32K 2-way I$ / 32K 4- way D$ Execution pipelines ･ Branch Unit, Integer Unit, Load/Store Unit ･ VMX128 Units: Floating Point Unit, Permute Unit, Simple Unit ･ Scalar FPU ･ VMX128 enhanced for game and graphics workloads Execution pipelines ･ Branch Unit, Integer Unit, Load/Store Unit ･ VMX128 Units: Floating Point Unit, Permute Unit, Simple Unit ･ Scalar FPU ･ VMX128 enhanced for game and graphics workloads ﾐ All execution units 4-way SIMD ﾐ All execution units 4-way SIMD ﾐ 128 128-bit vector registers per thread ﾐ 128 128-bit vector registers per thread ﾐ Custom dot-product instruction ﾐ Custom dot-product instruction ﾐ Native D3D compressed data formats ﾐ Native D3D compressed data formats Three 3.2 GHz PowerPC cores ･ Shared 1MB L2 cache, 8-way set associative ･ Per-Core Features ﾐ 2-issue per cycle, in-order, decoupled Vector/Scalar issue queue Three 3.2 GHz PowerPC cores ･ Shared 1MB L2 cache, 8-way set associative ･ Per-Core Features ﾐ 2-issue per cycle, in-order, decoupled Vector/Scalar issue queue 2 symmetric fine grain hardware threads ﾐ L1 Caches: 32K 2-way I$ / 32K 4- way D$ 2 symmetric fine grain hardware threads ﾐ L1 Caches: 32K 2-way I$ / 32K 4- way D$ Execution pipelines ･ Branch Unit, Integer Unit, Load/Store Unit ･ VMX128 Units: Floating Point Unit, Permute Unit, Simple Unit ･ Scalar FPU ･ VMX128 enhanced for game and graphics workloads Execution pipelines ･ Branch Unit, Integer Unit, Load/Store Unit ･ VMX128 Units: Floating Point Unit, Permute Unit, Simple Unit ･ Scalar FPU ･ VMX128 enhanced for game and graphics workloads ﾐ All execution units 4-way SIMD ﾐ All execution units 4-way SIMD ﾐ 128 128-bit vector registers per thread ﾐ 128 128-bit vector registers per thread ﾐ Custom dot-product instruction ﾐ Custom dot-product instruction ﾐ Native D3D compressed data formats ﾐ Native D3D compressed data formats

14. CPU Data Streams High bandwidth data streaming support with minimal High bandwidth data streaming support with minimal cache thrashing cache thrashing – 128B cache line size (all caches) – 128B cache line size (all caches) – Flexible set locking in L2 – Flexible set locking in L2 – Write streaming: – Write streaming: L1s are write through, writes do not allocate in L1 L1s are write through, writes do not allocate in L1 4 uncacheable write gathering buffers per core 4 uncacheable write gathering buffers per core 8 cacheable, non-sequential write gathering buffers per core 8 cacheable, non-sequential write gathering buffers per core Read streaming: Read streaming: xDCBT data prefetch around L2, directly into L1 xDCBT data prefetch around L2, directly into L1 8 outstanding load/prefetches per core 8 outstanding load/prefetches per core Tight GPU data streaming integration (XPS) Tight GPU data streaming integration (XPS) XPS – “Xbox Procedural Synthesis” XPS – “Xbox Procedural Synthesis” GPU 128B read from L2 GPU 128B read from L2 GPU low latency cacheable writebacks to CPU GPU low latency cacheable writebacks to CPU GPU shares D3D compressed data formats with CPU => at least GPU shares D3D compressed data formats with CPU => at least 2x effective bus bandwidth for typical graphics data 2x effective bus bandwidth for typical graphics data High bandwidth data streaming support with minimal High bandwidth data streaming support with minimal cache thrashing cache thrashing – 128B cache line size (all caches) – 128B cache line size (all caches) – Flexible set locking in L2 – Flexible set locking in L2 – Write streaming: – Write streaming: L1s are write through, writes do not allocate in L1 L1s are write through, writes do not allocate in L1 4 uncacheable write gathering buffers per core 4 uncacheable write gathering buffers per core 8 cacheable, non-sequential write gathering buffers per core 8 cacheable, non-sequential write gathering buffers per core Read streaming: Read streaming: xDCBT data prefetch around L2, directly into L1 xDCBT data prefetch around L2, directly into L1 8 outstanding load/prefetches per core 8 outstanding load/prefetches per core Tight GPU data streaming integration (XPS) Tight GPU data streaming integration (XPS) XPS – “Xbox Procedural Synthesis” XPS – “Xbox Procedural Synthesis” GPU 128B read from L2 GPU 128B read from L2 GPU low latency cacheable writebacks to CPU GPU low latency cacheable writebacks to CPU GPU shares D3D compressed data formats with CPU => at least GPU shares D3D compressed data formats with CPU => at least 2x effective bus bandwidth for typical graphics data 2x effective bus bandwidth for typical graphics data

15. GPU 500 MHz graphics processor 500 MHz graphics processor – 48 parallel shader cores (ALUs); dynamically scheduled; 32bit IEEE – 48 parallel shader cores (ALUs); dynamically scheduled; 32bit IEEE FLP FLP – 24 billion shader instructions per second – 24 billion shader instructions per second Superscalar design: vector, scalar and texture ops per instruction Superscalar design: vector, scalar and texture ops per instruction – Pixel fillrate: 4 billion pixels/sec (8 per cycle); 2x for depth / stencil only – Pixel fillrate: 4 billion pixels/sec (8 per cycle); 2x for depth / stencil only AA: 16 billion samples/sec; 2x for depth / stencil only AA: 16 billion samples/sec; 2x for depth / stencil only – Geometry rate: 500 million triangles/sec – Geometry rate: 500 million triangles/sec – Texture rate: 8 billion bilinear filtered samples / sec – Texture rate: 8 billion bilinear filtered samples / sec 10 MB EDRAM  256 GB/s fill 10 MB EDRAM  256 GB/s fill Direct3D 9.0-compatible Direct3D 9.0-compatible – High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) 3.0+ support – High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) 3.0+ support Custom features Custom features – Memory export: Particle physics, Subdivision surfaces – Memory export: Particle physics, Subdivision surfaces – Tiling acceleration: Full resolution Hi-Z, Predicated Primitives – Tiling acceleration: Full resolution Hi-Z, Predicated Primitives – XPS: – XPS: CPU cores can be slaved to GPU processing CPU cores can be slaved to GPU processing GPU reads geometry data directly from L2 GPU reads geometry data directly from L2 – Hardware scaling for display resolution matching – Hardware scaling for display resolution matching 500 MHz graphics processor 500 MHz graphics processor – 48 parallel shader cores (ALUs); dynamically scheduled; 32bit IEEE – 48 parallel shader cores (ALUs); dynamically scheduled; 32bit IEEE FLP FLP – 24 billion shader instructions per second – 24 billion shader instructions per second Superscalar design: vector, scalar and texture ops per instruction Superscalar design: vector, scalar and texture ops per instruction – Pixel fillrate: 4 billion pixels/sec (8 per cycle); 2x for depth / stencil only – Pixel fillrate: 4 billion pixels/sec (8 per cycle); 2x for depth / stencil only AA: 16 billion samples/sec; 2x for depth / stencil only AA: 16 billion samples/sec; 2x for depth / stencil only – Geometry rate: 500 million triangles/sec – Geometry rate: 500 million triangles/sec – Texture rate: 8 billion bilinear filtered samples / sec – Texture rate: 8 billion bilinear filtered samples / sec 10 MB EDRAM  256 GB/s fill 10 MB EDRAM  256 GB/s fill Direct3D 9.0-compatible Direct3D 9.0-compatible – High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) 3.0+ support – High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) 3.0+ support Custom features Custom features – Memory export: Particle physics, Subdivision surfaces – Memory export: Particle physics, Subdivision surfaces – Tiling acceleration: Full resolution Hi-Z, Predicated Primitives – Tiling acceleration: Full resolution Hi-Z, Predicated Primitives – XPS: – XPS: CPU cores can be slaved to GPU processing CPU cores can be slaved to GPU processing GPU reads geometry data directly from L2 GPU reads geometry data directly from L2 – Hardware scaling for display resolution matching – Hardware scaling for display resolution matching

16. GPU Block Diagram

17. Software SMP/SMT SMP/SMT – Mainstream techniques – Mainstream techniques – Everything is simplified by being symmetric – Everything is simplified by being symmetric UMA UMA – No partitioning headaches – No partitioning headaches OS OS – All 3 cores available for game developers – All 3 cores available for game developers Standard APIs Standard APIs – Win32, OpenMP – Win32, OpenMP – Direct3D, HLSL – Direct3D, HLSL – Assembly (CPU & Shader) supported - direct hardware access – Assembly (CPU & Shader) supported - direct hardware access Standard tools Standard tools – XNA: PIX, XACT – XNA: PIX, XACT – Visual C++, works with multiple threads... – Visual C++, works with multiple threads... SMP/SMT SMP/SMT – Mainstream techniques – Mainstream techniques – Everything is simplified by being symmetric – Everything is simplified by being symmetric UMA UMA – No partitioning headaches – No partitioning headaches OS OS – All 3 cores available for game developers – All 3 cores available for game developers Standard APIs Standard APIs – Win32, OpenMP – Win32, OpenMP – Direct3D, HLSL – Direct3D, HLSL – Assembly (CPU & Shader) supported - direct hardware access – Assembly (CPU & Shader) supported - direct hardware access Standard tools Standard tools – XNA: PIX, XACT – XNA: PIX, XACT – Visual C++, works with multiple threads... – Visual C++, works with multiple threads...