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MEDITERRANEAN SEA GAZA WEST BANK LEBANON EGYPT Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES QATAR BAHRAIN KUWAIT JORDAN OMAN IRAN IRAQ SYRIA TURKEY ARMENIA BLACK GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN CASPIAN Fig. 13.1, p. 294
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Readily accessible freshwater
Biota 0.0001% Rivers Atmospheric water vapor 0.001% Lakes 0.007% Soil moisture 0.005% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 1.984% 0.014% Fig. 13.2, p. 296
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Evaporation and transpiration
Flowing artesian well Precipitation Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Evaporation and transpiration Well requiring a pump Evaporation Confined Recharge Area Runoff Aquifer Stream Infiltration Water table Lake Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confining permeable rock layer Fig. 13.3, p. 297
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Water use (cubic kilometers per year)
5,500 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Water use (cubic kilometers per year) Total use Agricultural use Industrial use Domestic use Year Fig. 13.4, p. 298
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United States China Agriculture 41% Agriculture 87% Power cooling 38%
Public 6% Industry 7% Industry 11% Public 10% Fig. 13.5, p. 298
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1 automobile 400,000 liters (106,000 gallons) 1 kilogram cotton
aluminum 9,000 liters (2,800 gallons) 1 kilogram grain-fed beef 7,000 liters (1,900 gallons) 1 kilogram rice 5,000 liters (1,300 gallons) 1 kilogram corn 1,500 liters (400 gallons) 1 kilogram paper 880 liters (230 gallons) 1 kilogram steel 220 liters (60 gallons) Fig. 13.6, p. 298
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Average annual precipitation (centimeters)
0-25 0-25 25-50 25-50 50-75 50-75 Fig. 13.7a, p. 299
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Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage
Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Fig. 13.8b, p. 299
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Europe North America Asia Africa South America Australia Stress
High None Fig. 13.8, p. 300
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Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Downstream flooding is reduced Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Fig. 13.9, p. 301
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IDAHO WYOMING Dam Aqueduct or canal Salt Lake City Upper Basin
Grand Junction Lower Basin Denver UPPER BASIN UTAH COLORADO Lake Powell Grand Canyon Glen Canyon Dam Las Vegas NEW MEXICO Boulder City ARIZONA CALIFORNIA Albuquerque Los Angeles LOWER BASIN Palm Springs Phoenix 100 mi. San Diego Yuma 150 km Mexicali Tucson All-American Canal Fig , p. 304 Golf of California MEXICO
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• Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries
• Deposit silt that maintains deltas • Purify water • Renew and nourish wetlands • Provide habitats for aquatic life • Conserve species diversity Fig , p. 304
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KAZAKHSTAN 2000 1989 1960 UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN
ARAL SEA 1989 1960 UZBEKISTAN TURKMENISTAN Fig , p. 305
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CALIFORNIA NEVADA Shasta Lake UTAH Sacramento River Oroville Dam and Reservoir Feather River Lake Tahoe North Bay Aqueduct Sacramento San Francisco Hoover Dam and Reservoir (Lake Mead) South Bay Aqueduct Fresno Colorado River Los Angeles Aqueduct San Luis Dam and Reservoir ARIZONA California Aqueduct Central Arizona Project Santa Barbara Colorado River Aqueduct Los Angeles Phoenix Salton Sea San Diego Tucson Fig , p. 306 MEXICO
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CANADA NEWFOUNDLAND II I II ATLANTIC OCEAN UNITED STATES
Hudson Bay Chisasibi NEWFOUNDLAND II James Bay I ONTARIO II QUEBEC New York City ATLANTIC OCEAN Chicago Fig , p. 307 UNITED STATES
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Original water table Initial water table Cone of depression Lowered water table Fig , p. 307
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High Moderate Minor or none
Groundwater Overdrafts: High Moderate Fig a, p. 308 Minor or none
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High Moderate Minor or none
Subsidence: High Moderate Fig b, p. 308 Minor or none
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Major irrigation well Well contaminated with saltwater Water table
Sea Level Salt water Fresh groundwater aquifer Interface Interface Saltwater Intrusion Normal Interface Fig , p. 308
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WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO
Less than 61 meters (200 ft) meters ( ft) More than 183 meters (600 ft) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places) NEBRASKA KANSAS COLORADO OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO TEXAS Miles 100 160 Fig , p. 309 Kilometers
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Gravity Flow Drip Irrigation Center Pivot
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. Drip Irrigation (efficiency 90–95%) Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Center Pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler) Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers. Fig , p. 311
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Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches
Leveling fields with lasers Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary Polyculture Organic farming Growing water efficient crops using drought- resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties Irrigating with treated urban waste water Importing water intensive crops and meat Fig , p. 313
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No electronic rights for this image.
Fig , p. 313
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Reservoir Dam Levee Floodplain
wall Floodplain Fig , p. 314
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No electronic rights for this image.
Fig , p. 316
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Forested Hillside Oxygen released by vegetation Diverse ecological
habitat Evapotranspiration Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind Agricultural land Steady river flow Leaf litter improves soil fertility Tree roots stabilize soil and aid water flow Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding Fig a, p. 316 Forested Hillside
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Evapotranspiration decreases
Tree plantation Evapotranspiration decreases Roads destabilize hillsides Ranching accelerates soil erosion by water and wind Winds remove fragile topsoil Agriculture land is flooded and silted up Gullies and landslides Heavy rain leaches nutrients from soil and erodes topsoil Rapid runoff causes flooding Silt from erosion blocks rivers and reservoirs and causes flooding downstream Fig b, p. 316 After Deforestation
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Extremely severe Very severe Moderately severe Somewhat severe
Fig , p. 317 Not severe
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Not depleting aquifers Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems
Preserving water quality Integrated watershed management Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations Marketing of water rights Wasting less water Decreasing government subsides for supplying water Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste Slowing population growth Fig , p. 317
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