1. CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE
Jehanzeb Bilal, MD
PGY-3
Elias A. Iliadis, MD
Medical Director, Noninvasive Vascular Intervention
Cooper Heart Institute

2. Patient one
49 year old female presents to her primary care physician for a routine check up.
PMH: unremarkable.
Social hx: smoker (1PP-30yrs).
Family History : CAD, HTN, CVA

3. VS.: /
Neurological exam : normal.
Cardiovascular : right carotid bruit.
The rest of the exam was unremarkable
A carotid ultrasound was done.

4. The ultrasound revealed a 95 % stenosis of the left carotid.

5. Would you screen for carotid disease in asymptomatic patients?
What is the value of a carotid bruit on physical exam in an asymptomatic patient?
What is a hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis?
Would you further evaluate this patient ?
How would you manage her carotid stenosis?

6. The Framingham cohort Evaluation of carotid bruit in this cohort
In eight years, a bruit appeared in 66 men and
105 women, all asymptomatic.
The incidence increased with age equally in the two sexes from 3.5% at 44 to 54 years, to 7.0% at 65 to 79 years.
The eight-year incidence was greater in diabetes and hypertensive subjects.
These patients had a stroke rate more than twice expected for age and sex.
JAMA 1981 Apr 10;245(14):

7. More often cerebral infarction occurred in a vascular territory different from that of the carotid bruit
Ruptured aneurysm, embolism from the heart, and lacunar infarction was the mechanism of stroke in nearly half the cases.
Incidence of myocardial infarction increased twofold .
General mortality increased; 1.7-fold with men, and 1.9-fold in women, with 79% of the deaths owing to cardiovascular disease, including stroke.

8. Conclusion of the study
Carotid bruit is clearly an indicator of increased stroke risk
General and non-focal sign of advanced atherosclerotic disease
Not necessarily an indicator of local arterial stenosis preceding cerebral infarction

9. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery occlusive lesions.
Follow up of 640 neurologically asymptomatic patients
292 had pressure-significant internal carotid artery stenosis
348 had a carotid bruit only without a pressure- significant lesion.
Patients with asymptomatic pressure-significant carotid stenosis are at greater risk for stroke than a non significant occlusion (twofold) and a general population (sevenfold).
JAMA 1987Nov20;258(19):2704-7

10. The natural h/o carotid bruits in the elderly
To determine the relative risk for cerebrovascular events in elderly patients with carotid bruits
241 NH residents were examined for carotid bruits and signs of previous stroke.
Twelve percent of residents had asymptomatic carotid bruits.
The 3-year cumulative incidence of strokes was 10%, vs. 9%, yielding a relative risk of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.45 to 2.7).
In 60% of surviving residents, baseline carotid bruits were no longer present at the time of follow-up examination.
The disappearance of these bruits was not associated with the occurrence of interval cerebrovascular events
Ann Intern Med1990Mar12(5):340-3

11. SHEP
The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
To determine the association between asymptomatic carotid bruits and the development of subsequent stroke in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension.
5-year randomized trial
Average follow-up 4.2 years.
Carotid bruits were found in (6.4%) of the participants .
Stroke developed in (7.4%) of those with carotid bruits and in (5.0%) of those without carotid bruits.
J Gen Intern Med 1998 Feb;13(2):86-90

12. Relative risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid bruits was 1
Relative risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid bruits was 1.29 (95% CI 0.80, 2.06).
Subjects aged 60 to 69 years, trend (p=.08) toward increased risk (relative risk [RR] 2.05; 95% CI 0.92, 4.68) of subsequent stroke in persons with carotid bruits.
Subjects aged 70 or over, no relation between carotid bruit and subsequent stroke (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.55, 1.76).

13. The causes and risk of stroke in patient with internal carotid artery stenosis
patients with unilateral symptomatic carotid- artery stenosis
Patients with asymptomatic contralateral stenosis
The risk of stroke at five years after study entry in a total of 1820 patients increased with the severity of stenosis.
N Engl J Med 2000; 343: , Nov 9, 2000.

16. Forty-five percent of strokes in patients with asymptomatic stenosis of 60 to 99 percent are attributable to lacunes or cardioembolism.

17. EVALUATION OF CAROTID DISEASE

18. Conventional angiography
Gold standard
Visualize the entire cerebrovascular system
Invasive test
Expensive test
Neurological morbidity/mortality

19. Non invasive carotid artery testing. A meta-analytic review.
Carotid angiography as the reference standard for comparison.
Carotid duplex ultrasonography, carotid Doppler ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance angiography are all similarly successful at predicting
-100% carotid artery occlusion (SN 82 to 86,SP 98)
-70% stenosis (SN 83 to 86,SP 89 TO 94 )
Other factors, such as cost, availability, and local experience may influence the decision to use these tests to screen for carotid artery atherosclerosis that may respond to surgery
Ann Intern Med 1995 Mar 1;122(5):360-7.

20. Ann Int Med ,122,P360.

21. Duplex ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography in carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review
64 studies reviewed.
MRA has a better discriminatory power compared with DUS in diagnosing 70% to 99% stenosis(SN95vs86/SP90vs87)
A sensitive and specific test compared with DSA in the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis.
For detecting occlusion, both DUS and MRA are very accurate.(SN 98 vs. 96/SP 100VS 100)
Stroke 2003 May;34(5):  

22. Non-invasive imaging compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis
CEMRA is superior to US,MRA and CTA, with SN 94 versus 89, 88, and 76 percent, respectively; specificities 93 versus 84, 84, and 94 percent, respectively
Lancet May 6;367(9521):

23. Carotid US Least expensive Easy to perform Defines the plaque
-The sensitivity and specificity are lower in asymptomatic patients
-It can overestimate the stenosis: unnecessary surgery
-Less precise in less than 50% stenosis, and total occlusion
-It only defines cervical disease

25. MRA May be more Sensitive and Specific than US (esp. CEMRA)
Disadvantage:
-Cannot be done if patient is critically ill , or has a pacemaker
-Expensive

27. CTA Used when US is not reliable: -Severe calcific artery
-Severe kinking of the vessels
-Short neck
-High bifurcation
-Overview of surgical field

28. Can we bypass invasive angiography?
Separate and combined test results of DUS and MRA were compared with the reference standard DSA. Only the stenosis measurements of the arteries on the symptomatic side were included in the analyses.
When MRA and DUS were combined , agreement between these 2 modalities (84% of patients) gave a sensitivity of 96.3% (95% CI, 90.8% to 99.0%) and a specificity of 80.2% (95% CI, 73.1% to 87.3%) for identifying severe stenosis(>70)
This combination may obviate the need of an invasive angiography ,if the results of both tests were similar.
Stroke 2002 Aug;33(8):

29. Guidelines
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general population .
The American Heart Association and American Stroke Association acknowledge that "screening of general populations for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is unlikely to be cost-effective" .
The American Society of Neuroimaging suggests that, while screening for the general population is not recommended, screening might be considered for patients ≥65 years with significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease .

30. PREVENTION OF STROKES IN ASYMPTOMATIC BUT HEMODYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS.

31. VA STUDY Multicenter clinical trial
444 men with asymptomatic carotid stenosis shown arteriographically (50 percent or more).
Randomly assigned to optimal medical treatment including ASPIRIN plus carotid endarterectomy ( 211 patients) or optimal medical treatment alone (233 patients)
The incidence of ipsilateral neurologic events was 8.0 percent in the surgical group and 20.6 percent in the medical group (P 0.001), RR of 0.38 (95 confidence interval,( 0.22 to 0.67).
N Engl J Med 1993 Jan 28;328(4):221-7

32. ACAS(asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study)
Randomized, multicenter trial
Total of 1662 patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis of 60% or greater
medical risk factor management for all patients; carotid endarterectomy for patients randomized to receive surgery.
After a median follow-up of 2.7 years, the incidence of ipsilateral stroke and any perioperative stroke or death rate was significantly lower in the surgical group than with aspirin alone (5 versus 11 percent) for a relative risk reduction of (95% CI ).
Men had an absolute risk reduction of 8 percent; the absolute risk reduction in women was only 1.4 percent.
JAMA 1995 May 10;273(18):1421-8

33. ACST (asymptomatic carotid surgery trial)
3120 asymptomatic patients with 60% stenosis(US)
randomized between immediate CEA and indefinite deferral of any CEA (4% per year)and were followed for up to 5 years.
The net five-year risk for all strokes or perioperative death in the CEA group was reduced by nearly half.
The absolute risk reduction over five years was greater for men than for women 8.2 percent versus 4.08
Lancet 2004 May 8;363(9420):

34. COCHRANE REVIEW
All completed randomized trials comparing CEA to medical treatment in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis
5223 patients were included.
Despite about a 3% perioperative stroke or death rate, CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis reduces the risk of ipsilateral stroke, and any stroke, by approximately 30% over three years.
The absolute risk reduction is small (approximately 1% per year over the first few years of follow up in the two largest and most recent trials) but it could be higher with longer follow up.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD001923

35. Factors to consider in assessing risk and benefit of CEA
Exclusion criteria (life expectancy of < five years)
The severity of stenosis.
The presence of newer drugs.
The frequency of TIA in carotid disease.

36. The differentiation between the nature of stroke(cardioembolic and lacunar).
The controlateral carotid artery.
The Late benefit of CEA.
The gender.
Postoperative complications.

37. Guidelines
For asymptomatic patient with a stenosis of 60 to 99 %,CEA is recommended only for patients aged between 45 and 75 with a life expectance of at least five years. NNT 33
The benefit of CEA appears only after couple of year.
ASA should be used pre and postoperatively.

38. Patient two
69 y old female was found to have b/l carotid bruit on physical exam. She has no history of strokes or transient ischemic attack.
PMH: CAD with triple vessel disease , CHF with diastolic dysfunction, DM, HTN, dyslipidemia.
She is a past smoker(40 p/year)
Meds: coreg, simvastatin, lisinopril, insulin, asa, lasix.

39. A carotid ultrasound and a conventional angiography showed a severe stenosis(more than 95%) of her right ICA ,
Is she a candidate for a CEA? What is the current data on Carotid Artery Stenting?

40. SAPHIRE(stenting and angioplasty with protection in patients at high risk of endarterectomy
A randomized trial comparing carotid-artery stenting with the use of an emboli-protection device to endarterectomy
334 patients with coexisting conditions that potentially increased the risk posed by endarterectomy and who had either a symptomatic carotid-artery stenosis of at least 50 percent of the luminal diameter or an asymptomatic stenosis of at least 80 percent.
More than seventy percent of patients had asymptomatic disease.
Twenty percent had a restenosis after CEA.
N Engl J Med 2004 Oct 7;351(15):  

42. The primary end point was a combined incidence of death, stroke and MI in the first thirty days postoperatively or death/ipsilateral stroke from day 31 up to one year.
The study was designed to test the non-inferiority of CAS to CEA in this population.

43. The primary end point occurred in 20 patients randomly assigned to undergo carotid artery stenting and in 32 patients randomly assigned to undergo endarterectomy (P=0.004 for noninferiority, and P=0.053 for superiority).
At one year, carotid revascularization was repeated in fewer patients who had received stents than in those who had undergone endarterectomy (P=0.04).
CAS is non inferior to CEA in patient with carotid artery disease and high risk for surgery.

44. The FDA approved the stent used in this trial for high risk patients with carotid disease.

45. Guidelines
CAS should be considered in patients with severe carotid stenosis(>70%) and one of the following conditions:
-Severe medical comorbidities(cardiopulmonary).
-Difficult neck access for CEA.
-Stenosis after irradiation.
-Restenosis after CEA.
-Contralateral laryngeal palsy.

46. Patient three
57 year old male presents to the ER with acute weakness of his right arm and leg .The symptoms started 12 hour ago.
He has a h/o of HTN and dyslipidemia, currently on lisinopril and simvastatin.
Physical exam: /
-He had a 4/5 weakness of his right arm and leg
-Cardiovascular exam was unremarkable

47. CT scan of the brain without contrast showed chronic small vessel disease.
MRI brain revealed an acute infarct of left middle cerebral artery territory.
MRA showed an 90 % stenosis of his left carotid artery.
He was admitted to the stroke unit.

48. Is the management of carotid disease different in symptomatic patients?

49. NASCET TRIAL(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial)
659 patients with a h/o of stroke in the past 120 days
had %stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery.
Patients were randomized to medical management vs. medical management with CEA.
The primary outcome was any stroke or death.
The study was prematurely terminated by the NIH because of the clear evidence of benefit from surgery .
At the time of study termination, patients had been followed for a mean of 18 months.
N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 15;325(7):445-53

50. The risk of stroke and death was higher at 30 days in the patients treated with CEA (5.8 versus 3.3 percent with medical therapy)
longer follow-up revealed a lower cumulative risk at two years of any ipsilateral stroke (9 versus 26 percent, p<0.001)
A lower risk of major or fatal ipsilateral stroke (2.5 versus 13.1 percent, p<0.001)

51. CEA was highly beneficial (9 vs. 26 %,p<0
CEA was highly beneficial (9 vs. 26 %,p<0.001)for patients with recent TIAs or nondisabling strokes with ipsilateral stenosis of 70 to 99 %
moderate degree of benefit for patients with 50 to 69 percent symptomatic ipsilateral stenosis ( 15.7 versus 22.2) percent (p = 0.045)
Patients with stenosis of less than 50 percent did not benefit from surgery.
Elderly patients with 50 to 99 percent stenosis benefited more from CEA than younger patients
These findings suggest that CEA should not be withheld from appropriately selected, fit patients over the age of 75.

52. ECST(European carotid surgery trial)
 A multicentre trial of patients
randomized to carotid endarterectomy and medical management vs. medical management alone
All patients had a recent stroke or TIA in a carotid artery distribution, and some degree of carotid stenosis.
Median follow up was for six years.
Lancet 1998 May 9;351(9113):

53. The risk of major ischemic stroke ipsilateral to the unoperated symptomatic carotid artery increased with severity of stenosis, particularly above about 70-80% of the original luminal diameter, but only for 2-3 years after randomization.
On average, the immediate risk of surgery (7%)was worth trading off against the long-term risk of stroke without surgery when the stenosis was greater than about 80% diameter.
For disabling or fatal stroke the control risks seemed to diminish after the first year, so delay of surgery by just a few months after clinical presentation might make this overall difference non-significant.  

54. SPACE TRIAL(stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy )
1200 patients with symptomatic carotid-artery stenosis within 180 days of enrollment
Patients were randomly assigned carotid-artery stenting (n=605) or carotid endarterectomy (n=595).
The primary endpoint was ipsilateral ischemic stroke or death from time of randomization to 30 days after the procedure.
Non inferiority study.
Lancet Oct 7;368(9543):

55. The trial was stopped after the second interim analysis, mainly due to recruitment and funding problems.
SPACE failed to prove the non-inferiority of carotid- artery stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy
expressed as the rate of ipsilateral stroke or death within 30 days after treatment in symptomatic patients with moderate to severe stenosis of the carotid artery.
The use of embolic protection devices with stenting was optional, and were used in only 27 percent of patients treated with CAS.

56. EVA-S trial(Endarterectomy vs. angioplasty with stenting)
Multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial to compare stenting with endarterectomy in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 60%.
The primary end point was the incidence of any stroke or death within 30 days and six months after therapy .
N Engl J Med Oct 19;355(16):

57. The trial was stopped prematurely after the inclusion of 527 patient because of worse outcome with the CAS branch.
The 30-day incidence of any stroke or death was 3.9% after endarterectomy (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 7.2) and 9.6% after stenting (95% CI, 6.4 to 14.0);
At 6 months, the incidence of any stroke or death was 6.1% after endarterectomy and 11.7% after stenting (P = 0.02).

58. Critics:
Lack of experience by many of the interventionalists doing the CAS.
Five different stents and seven different cerebral protection devices were used in EVA-3S
interventional clinicians were required to have performed only two stenting procedures with any new device before its use in the trial.
Embolic protection for patients assigned to CAS was optional early in the trial, and the 30-day outcome of any stroke or death was significantly lower in patients treated with (n = 277) than in those treated without (n = 20) embolic protection (7.9 and 25 percent, respectively).

59. Guidelines
For symptomatic carotid artery stenosis of 70 to 99% with no severe co-morbidities: CEA .NNT of 6.3.
For symptomatic stenosis of 50 to 69%:CEA. NNT of 22.
ASA should be started before surgery and continued postoperatively.

60. Conditions associated with less or no benefit from CEA
Severe disabling strokes
Transient monocular ischemia VS hemispheric TIA
Younger population
Total carotid stenosis
Controlateral carotid stenosis increase perioperative risk

61. Complication of Carotid artery stenting
Stroke.
Periprocedural bradycardia and hypotension
Technical difficulty.
Restenosis(early 0.5 to 2%,late 0.6 to 6%)
Hyperperfusion syndrome.

62. Thank you