1. Taxonomic and neutral genetic variation within the complex of West-Eurasian beeches Dušan Gömöry & Ladislav Paule Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia

2. Complex Fagus sylvatica L. (Flora Europaea, Greuter & Burdet 1981): Generally recognized taxa Fagus sylvatica ssp. sylvatica Europa Fagus sylvatica ssp. orientalis (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Thrakia, Ponthic Mts., Amanus Mts., Grand Caucasus, Small Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Alborz Mts. (F. hohenackeriana Palibin?) Questionable taxa ? Fagus moesiaca (Maly) Czeczott Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia?, Bulgaria? Greece? Albania? ? Fagus taurica Popl. Crimea

3. moesiaca taurica orientalis F. orientalis-stands in SE Europe – legacy of the Osman Empire? Distribution Fagus orientalis

4. Various morphotypes of beeches in West-Eurasia Denk et al. (2002) Plant Syst Evol 232: 213–236 A MT 1 EU. North-Spain B MT 3 EU. Austria C MT 3 EU. Austria D MT 3 B. Bulgaria E MT 1 G. West Georgia F MT 1 I. North Iran G MT 1 I. North Iran

5. Gömöry et al. (2007) Bot J Linn Soc 154: 165–174. Differentiation sylvatica vs. orientalis Bayesian analysis (Pritchard et al. 2000) 12 isozyme loci, 279 populations Morphometry, 9 leaf and fruit traits Denk et al. (2002) Plant Syst Evol 232: 213–236 Chloroplast PCR-RFLP Markers Demesure et al. 1996 Evolution 50: 2515–2520 highly divergent haplotypes In Crimea Two groups most probable, but possible substructure

6. Thr WAMi EAMi Aman WCa ECa Transc Alborz Crimea Gömöry et al. (2007) Bot J Linn Soc 154: 165–174 12 allozyme loci, 279 populations Denk et al. (2002) Plant Syst Evol 232: 213–236 nrDNA ITS Phylogeny of the Fagus sylvatica complex syl F. sylvatica sylvatica syl* SW Balkan oriF. sylvatica orientalis ori* Krim-Halbinsel No recognizable species- or geographic structure F. orientalis secondary peak – possible substructure 3 groups most probable

7. Geographic patterns of the genetic variation Gömöry et al. (2007) Bot J Linn Soc 154: 165–174 + unpubl. Data 12 allozyme loci, 279 populations F. sylvaticaF. orientalis A[100] A[4000] n e F ST 2.21 3.40 1.458 0.0397 2.35 4.27 1.455 0.1424 Hotspots of allelic richness in F. orientalis Variation in both species, differentiation only in F. orientalisVariation in only in F. sylvatica, but few differentiationVariation and much differentiation only in F. orientalis

8. Fagus moesiaca – is it possible to delineate the “species”? 12 allozyme loci, genetic distances, PCoA Gömöry et al. (1999) J Evol Biol 12: 746-754 Mdh-C s s s s s s m m m m o s Clinal pattern No clear boundary Isolation by distance

9. Comps/Gömöry in Magri et al. (2006) New Phytologist 171: 199–221 Fagus sylvatica s. str. – genetic variation 7 allozyme loci, 608 populations, SAMOVAcpSSRcpDNA PCR-RFLP Vendramin in Magri et al. (2006) New Phytologist 171: 199–221 Vettori et al. (2004) Theor Appl Genet 109: 1–9 Geburek in Magri et al. (2006) New Phytologist 171: 199–221

10. Magri et al. (2006) New Phytologist 171: 199–221 Postglacial colonisation (FOSSILVA) Projection of SAMOVA groups onto paleobotanic sites ▲ makrofossils ● C 14 dated pollen > 2%

11. Comps et al. (2001) Genetics 157: 389–397 Genetic footprints of postglacial migration Opposite trends of allelic richness and gene diversity Excess of gene diversity against expectations of mutation-drift equilibrium at the periphery – a consequence of recurrent founder events

12. Caveats for provenance research – differences in adaptive traits need not necessarily be due to adaptation taxonomic differences within the innerhalb des distribution range (Balkan provenances) origin from different glacial refugia (Central Europe vs. Italy or S France) lower initial allelic richness in the northern (western?) marginal populations

13. survival Just for illustration: international beech provenance trial, series 1998, plot Tale/Slovakia height growth different taxon different refugium (?) marginal population

14. Thank you for your attention