1. Geographic Tools GPH 111

2. Tools to cover…  Latitude and Longitude  Projections  Map Scale  Conversions  Latitude and Longitude  Projections  Map Scale  Conversions

3. Columbus and America

4. Latitude…Latitude…

5. and Longitude…

6. International Dateline 15  of longitude equals 1 hour of time …

7. How do you state Latitude and Longitude? Paradise Valley Community College 33° 39’ 08” N, 112° 00’ 37” W Degrees Minutes Seconds 33.6522, -112.0102 Decimal

8. Let’s practice… Find These Locations:  New York, NY  Flagstaff, AZ  Seattle, WA  Paris, France  Bangkok, Thailand  Sydney, Australia Find These Locations:  New York, NY  Flagstaff, AZ  Seattle, WA  Paris, France  Bangkok, Thailand  Sydney, Australia  32.72, -117.18  25.92, -80.24  38.90, -77.04  33° 59’ N, 116° 25’ E  30° 2’ N, 31° 21’ E  33° 55’ S, 18° 22’ E

9. Projections…Projections…

10. How projections work…

11. Equal Area (equivalence) and True Shape (conformal) Projections

12. Projection Differences…

13. This baby does both… kinda…

14. Great Circle Routes and Rhumb Lines Great Circle Route: The shortest distance between any two points on Earth. Rhumb Line: Lines of constant direction and facilitate plotting directions between two points.

15. What is Map Scale? Verbal Scale

16. What is the scale of this map? If we know the distance from San Francisco to Washington DC is roughly 2,850 miles, how do we determine this map’s scale?

17. What can we do with map scale? How far is it from San Diego to New York? How far is it from Miami to Seattle? What is the distance between the southern bottom of Lake Michigan to the southern tip of Texas?

18. Converting between Representative Fraction and Written Scales… Some Practice (English): 1:100,000 to in. = miles _______ 1:50,000 to in. = miles _______ 1 in. = 10 miles to RF _______ 1 in. = 5,000 ft to RF _______ Is 1:15,000 large or small _______ Important Numbers (English): 5,280 ft in mile 63,360 inches in a mile 12 inches in a foot

19. English to Metric Conversions… First, some Metric practice: 1:100,000 to cm = km ________ 1 cm = 10 km to RF _________ Important Numbers: 1 in = 2.54 cm; 1 foot = 0.305 meters 1 cm = 0.394 inches; 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 meter = 3.28 feet; 1 km = 0.621 miles Practice: 5 feet = ____ meters; 150 cm = ____ in; 8 miles = ____ km 4 meters = ____ feet ; 80 in = ____ cm; 12 km = ____ miles Important Metric Numbers: 1 km = 100 meters; 100 cm = 1 meter 1 km = 10,000 cm

20. Things to know… Latitude and Longitude What is the significance of the equator, prime meridian, and international dateline How to state Latitude and Longitude (DMS, and Decimal) What is a map projection and why are they used Advantages with Equal Area versus True Shape projections The importance of great circle routes and rhumb lines What is map scale? How to measure the scale of a map and convert between representative fractions and verbal scales How to convert basic English and Metric length units Help: Chapter EG