1. Herbs Lindsay Brown, Kerstin Brueck, Daron Flory

2. What is an herb? Herb- 1. A ______________ annual, biennial or perennial that does not develop persistent woody tissue but dies down at the end of a growing season. 2. A plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, savory or aromatic qualities.

3. Some stats… 13,000 plants are used medicinally 550 are commercially available in the U.S. The FDA approves 279 as _______ or food ingredients

4. Some facts In 1996, ___% of American adults reported using herbs. 3.24 billion dollars were spent on herbs According to a survey, 34% of people had used at least one “unconventional therapy”

5. Some facts 10% had seen an herbal practitioner 45% were seeking alternative tx for anxiety, and 35% for depression

6. Are herbs safe? There is a current lack of ______________ in the U.S. regarding herbs. -Many people think that just because a product is labeled “natural” or “organic,” that it is completely safe-this is not true.

7. Cont… -Our bodies do not distinguish between organic & ______________ drugs- tries to metabolize both the same -In telephone survey about depression in ’99, majority believed herbs were safer than prescription drugs Vazquez, R.(2001). Professional Psych: Research and Practice. V. 32 p.329

8. FDA regulation 1962-FDA issued strict guidelines on safety and efficacy testing requirements for ______________. 1972-FDA began a comprehensive review of all OTC products. Modern herb industry (after 1965) held the FDA in great suspicion and avoided interaction with them-resulting in herbal products being taken out of OTC med’s

9. Cont. Since herbs are out of the new drug and OTC business, the botanical industry has no choice but to offer their products as ______________ Bad relations between FDA and Herb companies led to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)-

10. DSHEA -clearly says what a dietary supplement is and what it is not. -not ______________. -Unsafe if it presents risk due to regular use -The claims on the label must be truthful and not misleading.

11. DSHEA cont. “This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to treat, cure, or ______________ any disease.” Herbs have to be labeled as “dietary supplement” and must be scientifically researched Herb has to be manufactured under current good manufacturing practices (GMP’s)

12. Bottom line… DSHEA basically assured the American consumers when it comes to using herbal supplements Use of Ginkgo, St. John’s wort, kava-kava and valerian for mood, emotions, and mental states has increased dramatically Ex.-Sale of Ginkgo increased by 66.8%, sale of St. John’s wort by 189.7% from 1997-1998.

13. St. Johns Wort One of the most popular herbal remedies in Europe and the U.S. Sale of SJW totaled 6 billion in ’98, rose 2800% in one year alone. It comes from the Hypericum Perforatum plant, which is cut and gathered at the start of the ______________. Vazquez, R.(2001). Professional Psych: Research and Practice. V. 32 p.329

14. Effects of SJW Depression  The most widely publicized alternative treatment for depression. OCD  Significant decrease on scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Scale, which is similar to that found in clinical trials of standard prescription anti-depressants. Vazquez, R.(2001). Professional Psych: Research and Practice. V. 32 p.329

15. Problems with SJW Side effects  Nausea, heartburn, loose bowels, jitteriness, ______________, fatigue, Phototoxic rash, and fatigue.  ______________ has a positive correlation with increased side effects. Vazquez, R.(2001). Professional Psych: Research and Practice. V. 32 p.329

16. Kava-kava Originated in South Pacific Islands It is an extract from the ______________ Plant Consists of compounds related to anaesthetic, sedating, anticonvulsive, muscle-relaxant, and sleep properties Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

17. Kava-kava treatment uses Fear Anxiety-related disorders Tension Stress Mild depression  Kava-kava compared favorable to Benzodiazepines anti-depressants Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

18. Plus and minuses Positives  ______________, learning, memory enhancement Short-term memory processing Negatives  Side Effects Liver damage, gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic skin reactions, movement disorders, attention deficits Most side effects are dose-response Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

19. Omega-3 Component in Fish oils  ______________ fatty acid Prevalent consumption in fish eating countries  E.g., Japan, Taiwan, China Rees, A.; Austin, M.; Parker, G.(2004). School of Psychiatry, U of South Wales

20. Physiological Effects Helps with:  Asthma  Cystic Fibrosis  Rheumatoid arthritis Reduced morning ____________, reduced number of swollen joints, and joint pain. Ruxton, C.; Reed, S.; Simpson, M.; Millington, K.(2004). The British Dietetic Association. V. 17 p.449

21. Psychological Effects Helps increase fluidity in neuronal membranes and help regulate neurotransmitters  Depression  Bipolar Disorder  Dementia Ruxton, C.; Reed, S.; Simpson, M.; Millington, K.(2004). The British Dietetic Association. V. 17 p.449

22. Sam-e (S-adenosyl-methionine) A nutrient or dietary supplement Used by more than a million people in Europe for certain treatments Boosts levels of neurotransmitters  Related to Omega-3’s function Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

23. Treats Depression  ______________ Osteoarthritis Age-related memory impariment Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

24. Side effects Appears to have among the fewest side effects of herbal remedies The main side effect  A state of _________ in patients who had bipolar disorder Appears to work well with other medications Brown R.; Gerbarg, P(2000). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, v.19

25. Ginkgo Bilboa From the tree family of Ginkgoacae Used for 5000 years Increases cerebral blood flow Mattes; Pawlik (2004). Human Pharmocology;

26. Increases in the brain Memory Concentration ______________  Helps with some cognitive disorders E.g., Alzheimer’s disease Mattes; Pawlik (2004). Human Pharmocology;

27. Conclusion Herbs are an alternative to prescription medicines They have similar qualities/effects as meds, but results will more than likely vary individually Remember: A lot of one thing is always a bad thing