1. The Evaluation of an Embedded System for First Responders Nicholas Brabson The University of Tennessee David Hill Computational Sciences and Engineering Division August 2009

2. 2Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Overview Project background Methodology Results Conclusion Acknowledgments

3. 3Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Typical emergency responder case

4. 4Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy First Responder needs Ways to identify hazardous materials during an emergency Ability to enable responders to make key decisions during fire, hazard, and rescue control Efficient ways to communicate relative data Ability to ensure safety of firefighters and first responders handling hazardous chemicals

5. 5Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy What is SNIFFER? SNIFFER – SensorNet for Fire and First Responders Device that can autonomously detect and report harmful chemicals Vehicle mounted and portable Designed to output data to a plume visual model All system components are housed in rugged casing

6. 6Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy What is SNIFFER? Targeted Chemicals Hydrogen cyanide Chlorine Ammonia Arsine Sulfur dioxide Hydrochloric acid Phosgene Ethylene oxide Bromomethane

7. 7Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Hardware topology

8. 8Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy SNIFFER components

9. 9Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Project goals Identify and characterize power supply options for the system Test lifetime of battery in changing environments Construct PC-104s with each individual module desired

10. 10Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Batteries selected to compare Nickel Cadmium Lead AcidLithium Ion Nickel Metal Hydroxide

11. 11Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Power supply analysis Advantages Small drop in voltage during discharge Low weight for energy produced Difficult to damage Disadvantages Cadmium causes higher cost Memory effect Self discharge

12. 12Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Power supply analysis Advantages Proven technology Good efficiency Disadvantages Long recharge time Large in size Outdated technology

13. 13Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Power supply analysis Advantages Compact Size High power to weight ratio Slow self discharge rate Disadvantages Difficult to recharge if discharged too low

14. 14Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Power supply analysis Advantages Readily available Cost effective Disadvantages High memory effect Inefficient self discharge

15. 15Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Battery selection Battery type Power per mass Cell voltage nominal PricesEfficiency Recharge time Memory Effect NiCad 150 W/kg 1.24Med70 - 90%1 HrVery High LeadAcid 180 W/kg 2.105High70 - 92% Several Hrs No NiMH 250- 1000 W/kg 1.2Low64%2 - 4 HrYes Up to 2800 W/kg 3.7Med99.80%2 - 4 HrNo Li-Ion Battery comparison

16. 16Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Hardware configuration 50 Watt total output power Provides two additional serial ports Second element on stack Low power processor Shock and vibration protection Integrated data acquisition First element on stack Jupiter-MM-SIO Athena II

17. 17Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Hardware configuration GSM/GPRS and CDMA capability 1 Mbps data rate Third element on stack Connected by cable Houses flash card for memory Final element on stack ACC-CFEXT card Janus-MM

18. 18Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Final stack construction Compact Flash Card GPS Card Power Supply Card Athena II Card Partially constructed stackFinal constructed stack with covering

19. 19Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Conclusions Power supplies were successfully compared and the lithium ion battery type was chosen Athena II computer was assembled with additional interface cards attached for desired functions Both the power supply and PC-104 were included in the SNIFFER prototype LabView code was reviewed and learned for future use

20. 20Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Future of SNIFFER Develop a standard that all devices similar to SNIFFER could use to improve prototype Train officials on how to effectively use the device Continue testing and improving product in conjunction with various emergency organizations

21. 21Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Acknowledgments The Research Alliance in Math and Science program is sponsored by the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, U.S. Department of Energy. The work was performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. De-AC05-00OR22725. This work has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government, accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non- exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Special thanks to David Hill, Debbie McCoy, and Rashida Askia

22. 22Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy Questions