1. 1 Class 30: Catholicism in early 20 th C Ann T. Orlando April 5, 2006

2. 2 Introduction Missionary activities and Colonial expansion before WWI Beginning of Liturgical Renewal Catholic Reaction to Changing social and economic situation in early 20 th C Church during WW I Pius XII and Concordat with Hitler World War II and Shoah Pius XII after WWII

3. 3 Early 20th C Colonialism Africa and Asia  Expansion of trade and economic colonialism to control of territory  To protect economic interests, colonial powers assume control of politics  Missionaries have much less restricted reach into local populations Latin America  Criollos wanted strong ties with industrialized US and Northern Europe  Led to Protestant missions in Latin America starting in early 20 th C

4. 4 Colonialism in Africa Greatly expanded in late 19 th, early 20 th C Berlin Conference 1884-1885; how to divide Africa between England, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany Religious missionaries follow these divisions

5. 5 Colonial Africa www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/scrambleafrica.htm

6. 6 Liturgical Renewal in Church The liturgy had been little changed since Trent  Need to reinvigorate liturgy in opposition to Enlightenment  Effort to rediscover older liturgical forms as core of liturgy (Romanticism)  Balance corporate and individual in worship Benedictine Abbey at Maria Laach Pope St. Pius X  Encouraged active participation of laity in Church music during liturgy  Special devotion to Mass Romano Guardini (1885-1968)  Spirit of Liturgy 1918  Corporate, Christological nature of liturgy  Relation between liturgy and call to do justice in world

7. 7 Pope Pius X (1903-1914) Opposed to Modernists (Historical Critical Method applied to Biblical studies) Reform of Canon Law, 1917 (revised 1985) Lay reception of daily Communion  Included children who had made First Communion  Not in a state of mortal sin  Willingness to accept God’s Will for them Encouraged more lay participation in liturgy; but implied need to understand liturgy.  Roots of Catholic lay education

8. 8 Catholic Social Justice Movements In late 19 th C and early 20 th C, Church responds to increasing economic and social problems with organizations that  Often rely on laity  Work with but outside typical clerical diocesan hierarchies  Often explicit political agenda  Forged bonds with labor unions Salesians  Founded by Don Bosco (1815-1888)  Care for poor urban boys  By 1900 there were 300 Salesian Houses Knights of Columbus, 1882 Boys Town 1917 Catholic Action, 1923 Catholic Medical Mission Board, 1928 Catholic Worker Movement, Dorothy Day, 1933 Catholic Relief Services 1943

9. 9 Benedict XV (1914-1922) and WWI WWI was just starting when Benedict XV elected He was deeply concerned that the peace established in1917 would destroy the social and economic fabric of Germany Deeply concerned that Europe had lost sight of its Christian roots and was returning to a new barbarism

10. 10 Pius XI (1922-1939) Deeply concerned about rise of Communism Wrote Quadragessimo Anno (40 th Year) to commemorate and endorse Rerum Novarum In some sense saw Fascism as bulwark against Communists  Signed agreement with Mussolini that Rome was Capital of Italy, Pope sovereign over Vatican City  But Pius XI clashed with Italian Fascists and rising German Nazis over political tactics and strong rhetoric  Supported Franco in Spain Once Nazis came to power in Germany, 1933, recognized need to establish some relationship with them  Concordat with Hitler 1933 (negotiated by Pacelli)  Realized deep dangers of both Nazism and Communism, resulting in two Encyclicals, 1937: Mit Brennender Sorge and Divini Redemptoris

11. 11 Pius XII (1939-1958) and WWII Pius XII did have a special love for Germany Pius XII was opposed to Hitler, deplored Fascism almost as much as he deplored Communism  Opposed Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia  He was in contact with German Generals who tried to overthrow Hitler in 1940 But felt he needed to be publicly neutral to be able to work for peace Catholic relief supplies and efforts to reunite refugee families were substantial across Europe Worked with anti-Mussolini forces near end of War to remove Mussolini from power and prevent Nazis from taking over; managed to have Rome declared a non-combat zone

12. 12 Pius XII and the Holocaust Public Stance; it does seem that Pius XII knew what was happening to Jews. No public condemnation Possible reasons  Concern about vicious Nazi retaliation against Church  Better able to help some Jews if Church was not threatened by Nazis  Unwillingness to jeopardize official neutrality Private Activities  Over 400,000 Jews in Italy saved  Churches in France, Germany, Belgium part of ‘underground’ railroad to hide Jews

13. 13 Pius XII after WWII Holy Year Pilgrimage 1950 Increased numbers of Catholics, increased prosperity for Church Worked against Communism Infallibly declared Assumption Allowed historical critical method to be used by Catholic scholars Encouraged growth of Catholic diocese in Asia and Africa; promoted diocese in Western Hemisphere

14. 14 Epistemology and Pius XII: Humani Generis, 1950 We know by the Teaching Authority of the Church Theologians should work to support and promote the mind of the Church Concerns about modern methods Opposed to Communism and evolution; process theology

15. 15 Mystici Corporis, 1943 Written during the darkest days of WWII Addressed to all people of good will Church as a living body Importance of family model as basic unit of society Communion as participation in Body of Christ

16. 16 Assignments Guardini The Spirit of the Liturgy Benedict XV, Pacem, Dei Munus Pulcherrium, www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben- xv_enc_23051920_pacem-dei-munus-pulcherrimum_en.html www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xv/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben- xv_enc_23051920_pacem-dei-munus-pulcherrimum_en.html Pius XI (optional) Mit Brennender Sorge, www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_en.html www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- xi_enc_14031937_mit-brennender-sorge_en.html Pius XII (skim) Mystici Corporis, www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p- xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html Bokenkotter on Pius XII during WWII is a balanced view