1. Recap of Fermentations Glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 lactate 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO 2 First part of glycolysis: Completing the fermentation: Lactic fermentation Ethanolic fermentation

2. Recap of Fermentations, cont. pyruvate -> acetate + ATP + HCOOH (phosphoroclastic rxn) pyruvate + 2 NADH -> ethanol + HCOOH Completing the fermentation: Mixed acid fermentation HCOOH -> H 2 + CO 2 (under acidic conditions) This fermentation can also include production of succinate, lactate, or butylene glycol 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH -> CH 3 CHOHCHOHCH 3 + HCOOH + CO 2

3. Respiration

4. Aerobic Respiration In aerobic respiration, O 2 is the terminal electron acceptor Energy is captured by electron transport –NAD reduction (NADH dehydrogenases) –Flavoproteins –Iron-sulfur proteins –cytochromes

5. Flavine mononucleotide (FMN)

6. Heme prosthetic group

7. Cytochrome with heme

8. Iron-sulfur proteins (Fe 2 S 2 )

9. Iron-sulfur protein (Fe 4 S 4 )

10. Quinones (coenzyme Q)

11. Membrane localization of electron carriers NDH: NAD dehydrogenase Flavoprotein (H and e) NHFe (non-heme iron-sulfur), e only Q: coenzyme Q (H and e) Cytochromes (e only)

12. ATPase

13. Citric acid cycle Pyruvate is oxidatively (NADH) cleaved to acetyl- CoA plus CO 2 (refer to page 127) –Acetyl-CoA is a 2-carbon fragment (acetate) bound to a carrier (membrane-insoluble) 1 acetate is oxidized with each pass around the cycle, generating 4 pairs of electrons (2 NADH, 1 NADPH, and 1 FADH 2 ) and 1 GTP The 4 electron-pairs can be passed to the electron- transport chain

14. Acetyl coenzyme A

15. Electron Transport from NADH, FADH 2

16. Energy Balance Sheet Fermentation: 2 or 3 ATP per glucose Respiration, glycolysis: –Glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP –2 NADH -> 6 ATP Respiration, citric-acid cycle: –2 pyruvate -> 8 NADH + 2 FADH 2 + 2 GTP –8 NADH (from acetate) -> 24 ATP –2 FADH 2 -> 4 ATP Respiration, total: 38 ATP per mole of glucose

17. Aerobic Respiration

18. Anaerobic Respiration

19. Chemolithotrophic respiration

20. Phototrophic metabolism