1. Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre ENGINE DEPARTMENT CASE STUDY OF :- DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY

2.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Accident:-  The complete and violent failure of Main Air Compressor due to the over- pressurization of the compressor causing serious injuries to the duty greaser that later proved to be fatal.

3. Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre

4.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre NARRATIVE  As a normal part of the duties during manoeuvring, a member of the engine-room crew was detailed to start two of the ship’s main air compressors.  During the start-up sequence, a sudden and violent over- pressurization occurred within the compressor.  Damage to the compressor included burst cooler tubes in the second-stage (after) cooler, burst compressor casing in way of the cooling water chamber, and a flayed flexible delivery air line.  The second-stage air cooler cover also burst and fragments of this piece were projected outward in a shrapnel-like fashion, seriously injuring the crew member.

5.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre DAMAGE THAT OCCURED  The No. 3 compressor damaged beyond cost-efficient repair.  The second-stage air cooler cover was burst and fragments of this piece were projected outward at high velocity in a shrapnel-like fashion.  Of the 33 second-stage cooler tubes, 18 were found to be ruptured

6.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Photo 1. Fractured compressor water jacket casing after removal of coolers. Damaged compressor showing burst air cooler and cover.

7.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Intercooler

8.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre First Hand Report  It would appear that the victim was in the process of closing the first- and second-stage purge drain valves when the over- pressurization occurred.  The act of closing the purge drain valves positioned him near and just slightly to the right of the second-stage air cooler cover.

9.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre IMMEDIATE CAUSE  Severe and near instantaneous over- pressurization TASK:- Identify the reasons that could lead to such a violent accident How will you prevent such an incident from reoccuring considering the causes listed above

10.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre

11.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre  This omission, combined with the malfunctioning air relief valves, created a closed circuit in which certain components of the compressor could not withstand the ever-increasing pressure. A factor contributing to the accident was the less than- adequate maintenance of non-return valves. Severe and near instantaneous over- pressurization due to the system delivery valve remaining closed while the compressor was started.

12.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre INVESTIGATION  All three compressors on board the VESSEL were equipped with non-return (check) valves.  The function of the non-return valve is to prevent the reverse flow of air from the air receiver back to the compressor.  There was no evidence of maintenance on these valves

13.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Jabsco Water Pump  The Jabsco cooling water pump from the failed compressor, which supplies water to the first and second-stage air cooler cylinder jackets and cylinder heads, was disassembled and examined.  Four of the nine impeller vanes had fractured off, two of which were found jammed between the impeller and the pump housing.  A fifth vane was very close to complete fracture. The vane fracture surfaces were examined under magnification and revealed an appearance consistent with a failure having occurred through a period of time, and not as a result of the compressor failure

14.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre INVESTIGATION REPORT  The compressors are also equipped with low- and high-pressure relief valves on the first and second stages respectively. They are of the plunger and spring variety and are adjusted to open at 10 per cent above their associated stage operating pressure.  Upon examination and testing of the failed compressor’s relief valves, it was found that the second-stage relief valve was completely blocked on the inlet side by burnt oil residues, and at least 50 per cent blocked on the outlet side by similar residues. In this condition, it is highly unlikely that the valve would have functioned properly.

15.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre  The first-stage relief valve was damaged during the compressor failure by flying debris and was not tested, but a visual examination showed it to be completely blocked by oily, sooty residues INVESTIGATION REPORT

16.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Operating substandard equipment ??  Upon examination, it was found that the non-return valve on each of the three compressors was not functioning correctly, thus allowing high-pressure air to leak back into the non operational compressor  Close examination and testing of both first- stage and second-stage air cooler tubes indicate that the first-stage tubes met manufacturer’s specifications but the second-stage tubes did not. (with wall thicknesses on average only half that of manufacturer’s specifications)

17.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Substandard act  The normal procedure to operate the Main air compressor meant that the discharge valve of the other stopped compressor were kept closed in view of the leaky valve  Discharge valve of the Compressor to be opened and drains valves to be opened just prior starting.  Once the Compressor is started and drain valves closed.

18.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre PREVENTIVE MEASURES & CORRECTIVE MEASURES  Attend to abnormal conditions of machinery immediately.  Do not make Emergency operation as a Normal operation  Planned Maintenance System  Inspection and Checks  Safety First and Safety Always. Check prior every operation especially after overhauls  Ensure RELIEF VALVES & Safety Valves are in operational conditions  Test the working of safety fittings  TRIAINING AND SPREAD AWARENESS

19.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre INDUSTRY REACTION  Following the accident, Lloyd’s Register issued Technical Report No. 12 in their publication “Marine Bulletin” which requires Lloyd’s Register surveyors, when surveying air compressors and air receivers, to give particular attention to all safety devices and, in particular, the correct functioning of relief valves is to be witnessed. The condition and accuracy of pressure gauges should also be checked. The report also urges shipowners and operators to follow manufacturers’ recommendations for the operation of this machinery.

20.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Maintenance of Compressors VALVE Maintanance USE THE CORECT SPARES AND OVERHAUL PROCEDURES

21.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Carbonisation of valves:- L.O Overheated valves / air Leaky valves Intercooler

22.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Correct Maintenance of Valves

23.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Synthetic lub oils Air compressors  In air compressors, lubricants must perform across a wide range of temperatures. Heat causes a mineral oil to oxidise and form carbon on the valves, degrading performance efficiency and imposing limitations on the maintenance period and life of the valve components.  Use a synthetic lubricant, with its virtually ash free characteristics, in the same conditions, and such deposits are dramatically reduced. This leads to better performance and lower maintenance costs.

24.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Reciprocating Air Compressors  Synthetic lubricant is for use in the crankcase and cylinder lubrication of reciprocating air compressors, including those operating at high pressure and elevated temperatures.  High pressure starting air compressors can be costly to operate, especially regarding the man-hours needed for maintaining the suction/discharge valves and inter/after-cooler cleaning and overhaul - a particular problem in situations where crewing levels are constrained. In addition, the cost of replacement parts, particularly valves, may also be considerable

25.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Benefits:  low deposit forming tendencies on compressor valves, and on inter and after- coolers  extended intervals between maintenance  reduced parts replacement costs  increased safety due to high auto-ignition temperature  low volatility and good oxidation performance resulting in low lubricant consumption and extended service life

26.  2007 DAMAGE TO MAIN AIR COMPRESSOR LEADING TO FATALITY Anglo Eastern Maritime Training Centre Benefits  cleaner compressor internals, minimising maintenance costs  longer lubricant change intervals, reducing cost of routine maintenance  minimises blockage of oil filters in the presence of water  rapid water separation and anti-corrosion characteristics, reducing moisture contamination  balanced combination of anti-foam and air release properties to ensure rapid separation of air and lubricant in coalescer equipment, with consequent longer air filter life and less carry-over of lubricant  high viscosity index enable keeping a stable viscosity across a wide operating temperature range