2. Dr.Latif Dizaji

3.  Handling and restraint  Single handed restraint  Site of administration  Preparation of the site  Preparation, solubility and safety of solutions 3

4.  Concentration of substances  pH of the injected solution  Volume and frequency of administration  The rate of absorption and distribution of administrated substances  Needles and syringes

5. Enteral administration  Oral administration (per os, p.o.)  Intragastric administration delivered directly into the stomach

6. Parenteral administration  Subcutaneous administration (s.c(  Intraperitoneal administration (i.p.)  Intravenous administration (i.v.)  Intramuscular administration (i.m.)

7. Parenteral administration  Intradermal administration  Intracerebral administration  Intrathoracic administration  Intranasal administration (i.n.)  Topical application  Inhalation

10.  Manual restraint of a mouse to prevent kicks by hind leg.  The tail is held using the palm and forefinger and then the left hind leg is fixed between the ring and little finger.

13.  Subcutaneous injection at the base of a fold of loose skin (area at the neck)

14.  subcutaneous injection at the lower left quadrant using an Insulin  syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

15.  Intraperitoneal injection to lower left quadrant using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

16. Intravenous injection into the lateral tail vein of a mouse using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

17.  Turn 90° for injection

18.  intravenous injection into the retro orbital  sinus of an anesthetized mouse using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.

21.  Intramuscular injection into the leg muscle.

23.  Intradermal injection into the back skin.

24. intracerebral injection into an anesthetized mouse using an intradermal needle

25.  Intranasal injection into an anesthetized mouse using a pipette

29. Oral- Subcutaneous- Intraperitoneal -Intravenous -Intradermal -Intramuscular -Intracerebral -Intranasal 0.2 2–3 (scruff ) 2–3 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.2 (inguinal) <22 G < 25 G < 23 G < 25 G < 26 G 25–27 G < 27 G

30.  Select the appropriate restraint method, injection route, volume, site and needle gauge for your research purposes.  Prep the site with 70% ethanol.  Always inject with the needle bevel up.  When warming animals, DO NOT OVERHEAT.  All injection procedures must be described in your Animal Study Proposal.  Consult your veterinarian for further information concerning injections.

33. Species Adult blood Single sample Exanguination Volume (ml) Volume (ml) Volume (ml) Mouse 2.5 0.3 1.2 Hamster 9 0.5 3.0 Rat 30 2.5 12.0 Guinea pig 60 5.0 30 Rabbit 150-400 25-50 100-180 Goat (45 kg) 3000 400 1200 Sheep (60 kg) 4000 600 1500 Chicken 240 20 160

34.  The vein is punctured.

35.  Blood is collected in a tube or pipet.

36.  The vein is punctured.

37.  Blood is collected in a tube or pipette.

38.  The microhematocrit tube is placed under the lid and gently twisted until it penetrates the conjunctiva.

39.  Blood is collected by capillary action

40.  A 25 gauge needle is threaded into the vein.

41.  Blood is collected into a hematocrit  tube placed into the needle hub.

42.  The needle is inserted at a very shallow angle.

43.  Pulsing blood into the tubing confirms correct placement.