1. The Binomial Probability Distribution and Related Topics

2. Note:
A quantitative variable x is a random variable if the value that x takes on in a given experiment or observation is a chance or random outcome

3. Two types of random variable
Discrete random variable: can take on only a finite number of values or a countable number of values
Continuous random variable: can take on any of the countless number of values in a line interval

4. Example:
Discrete random variable: number of students in my statistics class. I can have 38, 34, 25, 20 students. I can NOT have 25.5 students.
Continuous random variable: Pumping air in a tire. I can have 0 psi, psi, 33.5 psi, etc.

5. Group Activity: Identity discrete or continue random variable
A) Measure the time when students, selected at random, submit college applications.
B) Count the number of bad checks on a day selected at random.
C) Measure the amount of gasoline you put in a car when you fill up the tank.
D) Random sample of how many people voted in the Presidential Election

6. Answer A) Continuous random variable B) Discrete random variable
C) Continuous Random Variable
D) Discrete random variable

7. Probability Distribution
Probability distribution is an assignment of probabilities to each distinct value of a discrete random variable or to each interval of values of a continuous random variable

8. Note:
Features of the probability distribution of a discrete random variable
1) The probability distribution has a probability assigned to each distinct value of the random variable
2) The sum of all the assigned probabilities must be 1

9. Example of discrete probability distribution
AP Calc BC Test Scores
Number of subjects 1
5000 2
15000 3
32000 4
23000
Convert this chart into the probability distribution (relative frequency table) then graph it
P(3 or 4)=

10. Answer A
AP Score X
Probability P(X) 1
0.07 2
0.35 3
0.43 4
0.31

11. Answer B
P(3 or 4) = P(3)+P(4)=.74

12. Group Activity: Frequencies of Alphabets in a 1000-Letter Sample

13. Questions: A) Fill out the probability chart
B)do the probabilities of all the letters add up to 1?
C) If a letter is selected at random what is the probability that it will be a vowel?

14. A) Just do it
B) yes of course
C) P(a,e,i,o, or u) = 0.378

15. Mean and standard deviation again!?!
Yes! But it’s for discrete population probability distribution. 𝜇= (𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)); 𝜇 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝜎= 𝑥−𝜇 2 𝑃(𝑥) ; 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 X is the value of a random variable, P(x) is the probability of that variable, and sum is taken for all the values of the random variable

16. Note:
Why was that in population symbol? It is because sum is taken over all values of the random variable (i.e. the entire sample space)

17. Example:  Sad fact Number of times Student study before test 1 2 3 45
Percentage of students
60%
26% 8% 5% 1%

18. Answer X P(x) xP(x) x-u (x-u)^2 (x-u)^2*P(x) 1 .6 0.6 -.67 .4489
.26934 2
.26
0.52
0.33
.1089 3
.08
0.24
1.33
1.7689 4
.05
0.35
2.33
5.4289 5
.01
0.05
3.33
u= 1.67
𝑥−𝜇 2 𝑃(𝑋) 𝑥−𝜇 2 𝑃(𝑋) =.8215
So the mean is 1.67
And the standard deviation is .9064

19. Group Activity
At a carnival, you pay $2.00 to play a coin flipping game with 3 fair coins. One of each coin one side has the number 0 and another with number 1. You flip the three coins at one time and you win $1.00 for every 1 that appears on top. Are your expected earnings equal to the cost to play?

20. Fill this out and find 𝜇, so who is making money here?
Number of 1s, x
Frequency
P(x)
xP(x) 1 2 3

21. Linear Functions of a Random Variable
Let a and b be any constants, and let x be a random variable. Then the new random variable L = a+bx is called a linear function of x
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎
Then the linear function L= a + bx has mean, variance, and standard deviation as follows:
𝜇 𝐿 =𝑎+𝑏𝜇
𝜎 𝐿 2 = 𝑏 2 𝜎 2
𝜎 𝐿 = 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 = 𝑏 𝜎

22. Linear Combinations of Independent Random variables
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 2
And 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎 1 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑊=𝑎 𝑥 1 + 𝑏 𝑥 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛, 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠:
𝑢 𝑤 =𝑎 𝜇 1 +𝑏 𝜇 2
𝜎 𝑤 2 = 𝑎 2 𝜎 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 2
𝜎 𝑤 = 𝑎 2 𝜎 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 2

23. Uh….so what does that mean? Here are some examples:
Let 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 1 = 75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 2 =50 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝜎 1 =16 and 𝜎 2 =9
A) Let L = 𝑥 1 , compute the mean, variance, and SD of L
𝜇 𝐿 =3+2 𝜇 1 =3+2(75)
𝜎 𝐿 2 = 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 = =1024
𝜎 𝐿 = 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 = 𝑏 𝜎=2∗16=32

24. Continue
Let 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 1 = 75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 2 =50 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝜎 1 =16 and 𝜎 2 =9
B) Let W= 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 . Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of W
𝑢 𝑤 =𝑎 𝜇 1 +𝑏 𝜇 2 =(1)75+(1)50=125
𝜎 𝑤 2 = 𝑎 2 𝜎 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 2 = =337
𝜎 𝑤 = 𝑎 2 𝜎 𝑏 2 𝜎 2 2 =18.36

25. Group Work
Let 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 1 = 75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 2 =50 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝜎 1 =16 and 𝜎 2 =9
C) W= 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 . Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of W
D) 𝑊=3 𝑥 1 −2 𝑥 2 . Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of W

26. Answer
C) 25, 337, 18.36
D) 125, 2628, 51.26

27. Homework Practice
Pg 178 #1-17 every other odd

28. Binomial Probabilities

29. Features of a binomial experiment
1) There are a fixed number of trials. We denote this number by the letter n
2) The n trials are independent and repeated under identical conditions
3) Each trial has only two outcomes: success, denoted by S and failure, denoted by F
4) For each individual trial, the probability of success is the same. We denote the probability of success by p and that of failure by q. Since each trial results in either success or failure, p+q=1 and q=1-p
5) The central problem of a binomial experiment is to find the probability of r successes out of n trials.

30. Example: Read pg 183
Read pg 183 example 4

31. Group Work:
You are taking the final and you are running out of time. You have 3 multiple choice questions left and each question has 4 choices.
1) What’s the probability of getting all 3 questions correct?
2) What’s the probability of getting at least 1 correct?

32. Answers There are 8 outcomes. S is success, F is Failure.
SSS SSF SFS FSS SFF FSF FFS FFF
P(S)= .25
P(F)= .75
1) SSS = (.25)(.25)(.25)=.016
2) Getting at least 1 correct means, all of the outcomes other than FFF. FFF = (.75)(.75)(.75)= So =.578

33. Continue with the last one:
1) What’s P(1)? (One correct)
2) What’s P(2)? (two correct)

34. Answer
1) .422
2) .141

35. Are there any way to do this without doing all the outcomes?
Yes! It’s called Binomial probability distribution

36. What is Binomial Probability Distribution?
You can use this when the outcomes is either success or fail.
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑛! 𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑝 𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟 =(𝑛𝐶𝑟 )𝑝 𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟
N=number of trials
p=probability of success on each trial
q=1-p=probability of failure on each trial
r=random variable representing the number of success out of n trials (0≤ 𝑟≤𝑛)

37. Example: Basketball shooting example
Mr. Liu makes 30% of his shots. What’s the probability that he makes at least 2 fg out of 4 shots? n=4 p=.3 q=.7 r=2,3,4 4𝐶2 (. 3) 2 (. 7) 2 + 4𝐶3 (. 3) 3 (. 7) 1 + 4𝐶4 (. 3) 4 (. 7) 0 = =.3483

38. Group Work:
Privacy is a concern for many users of the Internet. One survey showed that 62% of Internet users are somewhat concerned about the confidentiality of their . Based on this information, what is the probability that for a random sample of 10 internet users, 6 are concerned about the privacy of their ?

39. Answer
10𝐶 =.2487

40. Group Work
A biologist is studying a new hybrid tomato. It is known that the seeds of this hybrid tomato have probability of .70 of germinating. The biologist plants 10 seeds.
A) What’s the probability that exactly 8 seeds germinate?
B) What’s the probability that 4 or less will germinate?

41. Homework Practice
Pg 191 #2-24 every other even

42. Additional Properties of the Binomial Distribution

43. How to Graph a Binomial Distribution
1) Place r values on the horizontal axis
2) Place P(r) values on the vertical axis
3) Construct a bar over each r value extending from r-0.5 to r The height of the corresponding bar is P(r).

44. Example of a graph of binomial distribution

45. Group Work:
A waiter at the restaurant has learned from experience that the probability that a lone diner will leave a tip is only During one lunch hour, the waiter serves six people who are dining by themselves. Calculate the probabilities and then make a graph of the binomial probability distribution that shows the probabilities that 0,1,2,3,4,5, or all 6 lone diners leave tips
Hint: Use binomial probability formula

46. Answer r (people leaving tip) P(r) .001 1 .010 2 .060 3 .185 4 .324 5
.001 1
.010 2
.060 3
.185 4
.324 5
.303 6
.118

47. Group Work:
Jamal enjoys playing basketball. He figures that he makes about 45% of his shot attempts during the game. Calculate the probabilities and make a histogram showing the probability that Jamal will make 0,1,2,3,4,5 shots out of 5 attempted field goals
Based on the probabilities, make a prediction how many shots Jamal will make out of 5?

48. How to calculate the mean and standard deviation.
𝜇=𝑛𝑝 expected number of successes for random variable r
𝜎= 𝑛𝑝𝑞 is the standard deviation for the random variable r
r is a random variable representing the number of successes in a binomial distribution
n is the number of trials
p is the probability of success on a single trial
q=1-p is the probability of failure on a single trial

49. Practice!
𝑛=6, 𝑝=0.7, 𝑞=0.3 𝜇= 𝜎=

50. Answer
𝜇= 4.2
𝜎= 1.12

51. Find out the expected value and standard deviation for Jamal’s basketball shooting.
A) What is the expected value for Jamal? Is it the same as you predicted before?
B) What is the standard deviation of the binomial distribution?

52. Unusual Value
Note:
Chebysev’s Theorem tells us that no matter what the data distribution looks like, at least 75% will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
When distribution is mound-shaped and symmetrical, about 95% of the data are within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
Data value might be an outlier when it is more than 2.5 standard deviations away from the mean.
For binomial distribution, it is unusual for the number of successes r to be higher than 𝜇+2.5𝜎 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑢−2.5𝜎

53. What does it mean? If 𝜇= 4.2 𝜎= 1.12
𝜇= 4.2
𝜎= 1.12
then 𝜇+2.5𝜎= (1.12)=7 and 𝜇−2.5𝜎=4.2−2.5(1.12)=1.4
That means anything higher than 7 and lower than 1.4 are outliers.

54. How to express binomial probabilities using equivalent formulas
𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 =𝑃 𝑟≥1 =1−𝑃 0
P at least two success =P r≥2 =1−𝑃 0 −𝑃 1
𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 =𝑃 𝑟≥3 =1−𝑃 0 −𝑃 1 −𝑃 2
𝑃 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 =𝑃 𝑟≥𝑚 =1−𝑃 0 −𝑃 1 −…− 𝑃 𝑚−1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1≤𝑚≤𝑛𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

55. Example:
Investments can be profitable as well as risky. Suppose you consider companies with a 35% estimated risk of default and suppose you want to be 95% certain of meeting your goal of at least 4 good stock. How many stocks should you buy to meet this goal?
Please look at the table Appendix II starting in A11. It is a binomial table.
We want 𝑃 𝑟≥4 ≥.95
Since the probability of success is .65 , we look at the binomial table under p=0.65 and different values of n to find the smallest value of n that will satisfy the relation.

56. Answer
N=10 because =.975

57. Homework Practice
Pg 203 #1-23 odd

58. The Geometric and Poisson Probability Distributions

59. Why do we use Geometric Distribution?
Suppose we have an experiment in which we repeat binomial trials until we get our first success, and then we stop. Let n be the number of the trial on which we get our first success. In this context, n is not a fixed number. In fact, n could be any of the numbers 1,2,3… so on. What is the probability that our first success comes on the nth trials? Geometric probability distribution tells us that.

60. Geometric Probability distribution
𝑃 𝑛 =𝑝 1−𝑝 𝑛−1
Where n is the number of the trial on which the first success occurs (n=1,2,3…) and p is the probability of success on each trial. Note: p must be the same for each trial.
𝜇= 1 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎= 1−𝑝 𝑝

61. Note:
In many real-life situations, we keep on trying until we achieve success. This is true in areas as diverse as diplomacy, military science, real estate sales, general marketing strategies, medical science, engineering, and technology

62. Example:
Robotics class made a robot designed to look for ultrasonic sensor within a certain time frame. If it does not locate it, it will try again and find it. From experience, it is only 80% successful. The robot will keep trying until it finds the sensor or the time is up and it ends.
A) what is the probability that the robot’s first success will be on attempts n=1, 2, or 3?
B) If the robot has a max of 3 tries, what is the probability that the robot will find the sensor?

63. Answer n
𝑃(𝑛)=𝑝 𝟏−𝒑 𝒏−𝟏 1
(.80)(.20)^0=.80 2
(.80)(.20)^1=.16 3
(.80)(.20)^2=.032 A)
B) P(n=1or2or3)=P(1)+P(2)+P(3)= =.992 or 99.2% of the time it will find the sensor

64. Poisson Probability Distribution
Poisson distribution applies to accident rates, arrival times, defect rates, the occurrence of bacteria in the air, and many other areas of everyday life.

65. Poisson Probability Distribution
Let 𝜆 (lambda) be the mean number of successes over time, volume, area, and so forth. Let r be the number of successes (r=0,1,2,3,…) in a corresponding interval of time, volume, area and so forth. Then the probability of r successes in the interval is
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑟 𝑟!
e is approximately equal to
Using some mathematics involving infinite series, it can be shown that the population mean and standard deviation of the Poisson distribution are
𝜇=𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎= 𝜆

66. Example:
You are Indiana Jones. You went to an excavation site to try to dig up different things from the past. You have a record of getting .68 things per hour. Suppose you decide to find out how many different things you can dig up in 7 hours.
A) Use the information provided to find a probability distribution for r, in a period of 7 hours
B) What is the probability that in 7 hours, you will dig 0,1,2 or 3 things?
C) What’s the probability of digging 4 or more things?

67. Answer
A) 𝜆= ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 , 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 7 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜆= ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ∗ 7 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 7 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 =4.76
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑟 𝑟! = 𝑒 − 𝑟 𝑟!
B) 𝑃 0 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 1 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 2 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 3 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
C) 𝑃 𝑟≥4 =1−𝑃 0 −𝑃 1 −𝑃 2 −𝑃(3)=

68. Group Work
You went to a frozen lake called I-Get-To-Catch-Fish Lake. It is told that on average, fishermen can fish up to .76 fishes per hour. Suppose you and your buddy went to go fishing for 6 hours
A) Find a probability distribution for r, the number of fish you catch in a period of 6 hours
B) What the probability that in 6 hours you will get 0,1,2,3, or 4 fish?
C) What’s the probability you catch 5 of more fish?

69. Answer
A) 𝜆= ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 , 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝜆= ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ∗ 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 =0.045
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑟 𝑟! = 𝑒 − 𝑟 𝑟!
B) 𝑃 0 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 1 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 2 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 3 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
C) 𝑃 𝑟≥5 =1−𝑃 0 −𝑃 1 −𝑃 2 −𝑃 3 −𝑃(4)=

70. How to Approximate Binomial Probabilities Using Poisson Probabilities
Poisson distribution can be used as a probability distribution for “rare” events.
Suppose you have a binomial distribution with
n= number of trials
r= number of successes
p=probability of success on each trial
If 𝑛≥100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑝<10 then r has a binomial distribution that is approximated by a Poisson distribution with 𝜆=𝑛𝑝(expected value)
𝑃(𝑟)≈ 𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆 𝑟 𝑟!

71. Example:
INFJ is a rare personality type. It occurs in only about 2.1% of the population. Suppose a high school graduating class has 170 students, and suppose success of the event is the personality type INFJ
A) Let r be the number of success in the n=170 trials. p=P(S)=.021, will the Poisson distribution be a good approximation to the binomial?
B) Estimate the probability that this graduating class has 0,1,2,3 or 4 people who have the INFJ personality type
C) Estimate the probability that this class has five or more INFJ personality types.

72. Answer
A) Since n=170 is greater than 100 and 𝜆= =0.045<10. Poisson distribution should be a good approximation to the binomial.
B) 𝑃 0 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 1 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 2 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 3 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
𝑃 4 = 𝑒 − ! ≈
C) 1−𝑃 𝑟≤4 =

73. Select appropriate distribution
Identify the type of probability distribution needed to solve the problem: binomial, geometric, Poisson, or Poisson approximation to the binomial. Then solve the problem.
Denver, Colorado, is prone to severe hailstorms. Insurance agents claim that a homeowner in Denver can expect to replace his or her rough once every 10 years. What is the probability that in 12 years a homeowner in Denver will need to replace the roof twice?

74. Answer Poisson Distribution Since 1 per 10 years = 0.1 per year
𝜆= 0.1 1𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ∗ = 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑝 2 = 𝑒 − ! ≈.2169 𝑜𝑟 21.7%

75. Select appropriate distribution
Identify the type of probability distribution needed to solve the problem: binomial, geometric, Poisson, or Poisson approximation to the binomial. Then solve the problem.
A telephone network substation will keep trying to connect a long-distance call to a trunk line until the fourth attempt has been made. After the fourth unsuccessful attempt, the call number goes into a buffer memory bank, and the caller gets a recorded message to be patient. During peak calling periods, the probability of a call connecting to trunk line is 65% on each try. What percentage of all calls made during peak time will wind up in the buffer memory bank?

76. Answer Geometric probability P(S)=0.65=p 𝑃(𝑛)=𝑝 𝟏−𝒑 𝒏−𝟏
𝑃(𝑛)=𝑝 𝟏−𝒑 𝒏−𝟏
𝑃 1 = =.65
𝑃 2 = =.2275
𝑃 3 = =.0796
𝑃 4 = =.0279
P(5 or more)=1-p(4 or less)= =.015 or 1.5%

77. Select appropriate distribution
Identify the type of probability distribution needed to solve the problem: binomial, geometric, Poisson, or Poisson approximation to the binomial. Then solve the problem.
The murder rate is 3.6 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. In a community of people, what is the probability that at least one person will be murdered?

78. Answer Poisson approximation to the binomial n=1254
np=.045
Since n=1254 >100 and np=.045 <10 we can use the poisson approximation
𝑃 0 = 𝑒 − ! ≈.956
P(1 or more)=1-p(0)=1-.956=.044 or 4.4%

79. Homework Practice
P217 #1-26 every other even