1. Chapter 2
Elements of cost And Classification

2. MATERIAL---DIRECT
INDIRECT—OVERHEADS
LABOUR-----DIRECT
INDIRECT--OVERHEADS
EXPENSES—DIRECT

4. MATERIAL DIRECT-SPECIALLY PURCHASED VISIBLE IN FINAL PRODUCT
PRIMARY PACKING MATERIAL
PARTS PURCHASED FOR PRODUCTS
EXAMPLES—WOOD IN FURNITURE
CLOTH IN GARMENTS
INDIRECT-NOT VISIBLE
EXAMPLES—ADHESIVE IN FURNITURE
GLUE IN BOOK BINDING

5. LABOUR DIRECT-DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION
LABOUR ENGAGED IN PRODUCTION
LABOUR IN TOOL SETTING OR REPAIRS
INDIRECT—NOT DIRECTLY INVOLVED
PROVIDING SERVICE TO LABOUR
EXAMPLES—WATCHMAN,ELECTRICIAN,SWEEPERS.

6. EXPENSES DIRECT—EXPENSES DIRECTLY RELATED TO A PRODUCT
INDIRECT—COMMEN EXPENSES NOT RELATED TO A PARTICULAR JOB AND CAN BE APPORTIONED TO VARIOUS JOBS.

7. COMPONENTS OF TOTAL COST
PRIME COST=DIRECT MATERIAL+DIRECT LABOUR+DIRECT EXPENSES
FACTORY COST=PRIME COST+FACTORY OVERHEADS.
OFFICE COST OR TOTAL COST OF PRODUCTION=FACTORY COST+OFFICE OVERHEADS.
TOTAL COST OR COST OF SALES=OFFICE COST+SELLING& DISTRIBUTION OVERHEADS

8. Factory overheads Rent,rates,taxes of factory building
Factory telephone charges
Factory repairs and maintenance
Heating and lighting expenses in factory.
Salary to factory manager,foreman,supervisor etc.
Power and fuel.
Insurance of factory building,machinery,workers
Bonus,overtime&leave wages
Salary and fees to factory directors.
Drawing office salary.
Salary to storekeeper.
Factory printing & stationery
Gas,steam,coal charges.cleaning & haulage charges.
Indirect material,nut,bolts,screws,nails etc .

9. Office overheads Office salaries,rent,rates,taxes,lighting etc.
Director fees
Office insurance(building,staff,appliances)
Printing,stationery,postage and stamp charges.
Office telephone,telegrams,fax charges.
Legal charges andpublic relation expenses.
Office lighting,heating,repairs.
Depreciation(building,furniture& appliances.
Audit fees &counting house salary.
General expenses.
Hire charges of office machinery.

10. Selling & distribution overheads
Salesman salary,commision,travelling expenses.
Trade & cash discount allowed,brokerage etc.
Branch expenses,sample expenses.
Expenses for cataloques and price lists.
Printing,stationery,postage of selling deptt.
Packing material& delivery van expenses.
Rent,taxes on godown & warehouse.
Advertisement exps. &bad debts.
Salary of sales manager&other sales staff.
After sales service charges.
Free gifts &collection charges.

11. Components of total cost
Direct material+
Direct wages+
Direct expenses=
Prime cost
Prime cost+
Factory overheads=
Factory cost
Works cost+
Office &adm.overheads=
Office cost
Office cost+
Selling & distribution overheads=
Total cost
Cost of sales+
Profit=
Selling price

12. Classification of cost
According to elements-material,labour &expenses.
According to functions-manufacturing,administrative,selling &distribution, & research &devlpt.
According to controllability-controllable,& uncontrollable.
According to normality- normal & abnormal.

13. According to behaviour or variability

14. According to behaviour or variability
Fixed cost costs which remain same at every level of output.these cost are related to time and not to production.
Variable cost costs which increase in volume with increase in volume of production.the per unit cost remains constant at every level of output.
Semi – variable cost—these are fixed as well as variable. Upto a particular level these costs are fixed but once the level is crossed even slightly these costs shift to the next higher level and so on.

15. Cost center & profit center
Cost center-a smallest segment of activity or area or responsibility for which costs are accumulated.
Profit center-a center whose performance is measured both in terms of expenses incurred and revenues earned by it.
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