1. Cost Accounting CA is a formal system of accounting for costs in the books of accounts by means of which costs of products and services are ascertained and controlled. CA is a formal system of accounting for costs in the books of accounts by means of which costs of products and services are ascertained and controlled. Cost means “the price paid for something” Cost means “the price paid for something” Cost ascertainment is computation of actual costs incurred Cost ascertainment is computation of actual costs incurred Cost estimation is a process of predetermining costs of goods and service. Cost estimation is a process of predetermining costs of goods and service.

2. Objectives of Cost Accounting Ascertainment of cost Ascertainment of cost Control of cost Control of cost Guide to business policy such as make or buy, introduction of new product etc Guide to business policy such as make or buy, introduction of new product etc Determination of selling price Determination of selling price

3. CA and FA - Comparison Purpose Purpose Statutory requirements Statutory requirements Analysis of cost and profit Analysis of cost and profit Periodicity of reporting Periodicity of reporting Control aspect Control aspect Historical and predetermined costs Historical and predetermined costs Format of presenting information Format of presenting information Types of transactions recorded Types of transactions recorded

4. Cost Centre Cost center is a location, person, or item of equipment (or group of these) for which costs may be ascertained and used for the purpose of control Cost center is a location, person, or item of equipment (or group of these) for which costs may be ascertained and used for the purpose of control It refers to a section of the business to which costs can be charged. It refers to a section of the business to which costs can be charged. Types: Types: Personal and Impersonal cost centre Production and Service cost centre

5. Cost Unit Cost units are the things, that the business is set up to provide, of which cost is ascertained. Cost units are the things, that the business is set up to provide, of which cost is ascertained. Unit of product, service or time in relation to which cost may be ascertained or expressed Unit of product, service or time in relation to which cost may be ascertained or expressed Types: Types: Units of production such as a ream of paper, a tonne of steel, a meter of cable etc. Units of production such as a ream of paper, a tonne of steel, a meter of cable etc. Units of services such as passenger miles, consulting hours, room per day, bed per day Units of services such as passenger miles, consulting hours, room per day, bed per day

6. Methods of costing It refers to the techniques and processes employed in the ascertainment of costs It refers to the techniques and processes employed in the ascertainment of costs Choice of the method depends upon the type and nature of manufacturing activity Choice of the method depends upon the type and nature of manufacturing activity Types: Broadly, Types: Broadly, Job costing or job order costing Job costing or job order costing Process Costing Process Costing Other methods are variations of one of these methods.

7. Methods of costing - Types Job Order Costing – Applies where work is undertaken to customers special requirements. Job Order Costing – Applies where work is undertaken to customers special requirements. Contract Costing or Terminal Costing: It is same as Job order costing; however, job is small and contract is big contract. Contract is of long duration and may continue for more than a financial year. Contract Costing or Terminal Costing: It is same as Job order costing; however, job is small and contract is big contract. Contract is of long duration and may continue for more than a financial year. Batch costing: Cost of a batch or group of identical products is ascertained; each batch of products is a cost unit for which costs are ascertained. Batch costing: Cost of a batch or group of identical products is ascertained; each batch of products is a cost unit for which costs are ascertained.

8. Methods of costing – Types….. Process Costing – Applies to a context where there is a continuous process. Costs are accumulated for each process. And then total cost of a process is divided by the number of units produced to arrive at cost per unit. Process Costing – Applies to a context where there is a continuous process. Costs are accumulated for each process. And then total cost of a process is divided by the number of units produced to arrive at cost per unit. Operations Costing: Involves cost ascertainment for each operation. Operations Costing: Involves cost ascertainment for each operation. Operating or services costing: It is applied to services; cost units are passenger –kilometer, room per day, bed per day. Operating or services costing: It is applied to services; cost units are passenger –kilometer, room per day, bed per day.

9. Methods of costing – Types….. Multiple or composite costing – Application of more than one method of costing in respect of the same product. Used in industries where a number of components are separately manufactured and then assembled into a final product. Multiple or composite costing – Application of more than one method of costing in respect of the same product. Used in industries where a number of components are separately manufactured and then assembled into a final product. Single, output or unit costing: Applied to a context where output produced are identical, the cost per unit is found by dividing the total cost by the number of units produced. E.g. Steel output is identical but differentiated by grades. Single, output or unit costing: Applied to a context where output produced are identical, the cost per unit is found by dividing the total cost by the number of units produced. E.g. Steel output is identical but differentiated by grades.

10. Techniques of costing – Types….. Standard costing – Standard cost is predetermined as target of performance and actual performance is measured against the standard. Standard costing – Standard cost is predetermined as target of performance and actual performance is measured against the standard. Budgetary control: By comparing actual with planned / budgeted performance Budgetary control: By comparing actual with planned / budgeted performance Marginal costing: Only variable cost is allocated to individual cost centers or cost units Marginal costing: Only variable cost is allocated to individual cost centers or cost units

11. Techniques of costing – Types….. Total Absorption costing – Both fixed and variable costs are charged to products. Total Absorption costing – Both fixed and variable costs are charged to products. Uniform Costing: It is not a technique but a situation wherein several undertakings use the same costing principle and practices. Uniform Costing: It is not a technique but a situation wherein several undertakings use the same costing principle and practices.

12. Elements of costs - Materials Material cost : cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking Material cost : cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking Direct materials cost: those costs which are incurred for and conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department. Ex: cost of raw material Indirect materials cost: those costs which cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department. Ex: cost of material that are inexpensive but may or may not physically become part of the finished goods

13. Elements of costs – Labour cost Labour cost : cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, etc etc) of the employees of an undertaking Labour cost : cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, etc etc) of the employees of an undertaking Direct labour cost: wages paid to workers directly engaged in the production process. Eg: Wages of machine operator Indirect labour cost : those wages which cannot be conveniently identified with a particular cost unit, process or department

14. Elements of costs – Expenses Expenses: The cost of services provided to an undertaking Expenses: The cost of services provided to an undertaking Direct Expenses: those expenses which can be identified with and allocated to cost centers or units..Eg: Royalty paid, depreciation of a plant used Indirect Expenses: All indirect costs other than indirect materials and labor. They cannot be directly identified with a particular job, process or work order and are common to cost units or cost centers Ex: Rent and rates, lighting and power

15. Elements of costs – Price cost Direct Material + Direct Material + Direct labour + Direct labour + Direct Expenses Direct Expenses

16. Elements of costs – Over heads Indirect Material + Indirect Material + Indirect labour + Indirect labour + Indirect expenses Indirect expenses Overheads are divided into a. Production overheads b. Office and administration overheads c. Selling and distribution overheads

17. Elements of costs – Production overheads Indirect Material such as coal, oil grease, stationary in factory office+ Indirect Material such as coal, oil grease, stationary in factory office+ Indirect labour such as work manager’s salary, salary of factory office staff, salary of inspector and supervisors, watchman, sweeper Indirect labour such as work manager’s salary, salary of factory office staff, salary of inspector and supervisors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as factory rent, depreciation of plant, repairs and maintenance of plant, insurance of factory building, factory lighting and power, internal transport expenses Indirect Expenses such as factory rent, depreciation of plant, repairs and maintenance of plant, insurance of factory building, factory lighting and power, internal transport expenses

18. Elements of costs – Office and administration overheads Indirect Material such as stationary used in administration office, postage, etc Indirect Material such as stationary used in administration office, postage, etc Indirect labour such as salary of office staff, salary of of MD, Directors, watchman, sweeper Indirect labour such as salary of office staff, salary of of MD, Directors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as office rent, insurance of office building, office lighting and power, telephone, depreciation of office furniture, office a/c, sundry office expenses Indirect Expenses such as office rent, insurance of office building, office lighting and power, telephone, depreciation of office furniture, office a/c, sundry office expenses

19. Elements of costs – Selling and distribution overheads Selling cost: cost of seeking to create and stimulate demand and of securing orders such as ads, samples and free gifts, salaries of salesmen Selling cost: cost of seeking to create and stimulate demand and of securing orders such as ads, samples and free gifts, salaries of salesmen Distribution cost: cost of making packed product available for dispatch and returning of empty packages for reuse Distribution cost: cost of making packed product available for dispatch and returning of empty packages for reuse Indirect Material such as stationary used in sales office, packing mat, cost of samples, price list, oil for delivery vans Indirect labour such as salary of sales staff, salary of of MD, Directors, watchman, sweeper Indirect Expenses such as advertising, traveling expenses, showroom expenses, carriage outwards, rent of warehouse, bad debts, insurance of goods in transit etc.

20. Components of total cost 1 Prime Cost 1 Prime Cost 2. Works cost or factory cost 2. Works cost or factory cost Prime cost + Factory Overheads Cost of production Cost of production Work cost + Administration Overheads Total cost or cost of sales Total cost or cost of sales Cost of production + Selling and distribution overhead