1. PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Flexible Budgets, Standard Costs, and Variance Analysis Chapter 08

2. 8-2 Variance Analysis Cycle Conduct next period’s operations Identify questions Receive explanations Take corrective actions Analyze variances Prepare standard cost performance report Begin

3. 8-3 Characteristics of Flexible Budgets Planning budgets are prepared for a single, planned level of activity. Performance evaluation is difficult when actual activity differs from the planned level of activity. Hmm! Comparing static planning budgets with actual costs is like comparing apples and oranges.

4. 8-4 Improve performance evaluation. May be prepared for any activity level in the relevant range. Show costs that should have been incurred at the actual level of activity, enabling “apples to apples” cost comparisons. Help managers control costs. Let’s look at Larry’s Lawn Service. Characteristics of Flexible Budgets

5. 8-5 Larry’s Lawn Service provides lawn care in a planned community where all lawns are approximately the same size. At the end of May, Larry prepared his June budget based on mowing 500 lawns. Since all of the lawns are similar in size, Larry felt that the number of lawns mowed in a month would be the best way to measure overall activity for his business. Larry’s Budget Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget

6. 8-6 Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget Larry’s Planning Budget

7. 8-7 Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget Larry’s Actual Results

8. 8-8 Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget

9. 8-9 Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual costs are less than budgeted costs. U = Unfavorable variance that occurs when actual costs are greater than budgeted costs. F = Favorable variance that occurs when actual revenue is greater than budgeted revenue.

10. 8-10 Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget Larry’s Actual Results Compared with the Planning Budget Since these variances are favorable, has Larry done a good job controlling costs? Since these variances are unfavorable, has Larry done a poor job controlling costs?

11. 8-11 I don’t think I can answer the questions using a static budget. Actual activity is above planned activity. So, shouldn’t the variable costs be higher if actual activity is higher? Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget

12. 8-12  The relevant question is... “How much of the cost variances are due to higher activity and how much are due to cost control?”  To answer the question, we must the budget to the actual level of activity.  The relevant question is... “How much of the cost variances are due to higher activity and how much are due to cost control?”  To answer the question, we must the budget to the actual level of activity. Deficiencies of the Static Planning Budget

13. 8-13 How a Flexible Budget Works To a budget, we need to know that: Total variable costs change in direct proportion to changes in activity. Total fixed costs remain unchanged within the relevant range. Fixed Variable

14. 8-14 Let’s prepare a budget for Larry’s Lawn Service. How a Flexible Budget Works

15. 8-15 Preparing a Flexible Budget Larry’s Flexible Budget

16. 8-16 Revenue and Spending Variances Flexible budget revenueActual revenue The difference is a revenue variance. Flexible budget costActual cost The difference is a spending variance.

17. 8-17 Now, let’s use budgeting concepts to compute revenue and spending variances for Larry’s Lawn Service. Now, let’s use budgeting concepts to compute revenue and spending variances for Larry’s Lawn Service. Revenue and Spending Variances

18. 8-18 Revenue and Spending Variances Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results $1,750 favorable revenue variance

19. 8-19 Larry’s Flexible Budget Compared with the Actual Results Revenue and Spending Variances Spending variances

20. 8-20 More than one cost driver may be needed to adequately explain all of the costs in an organization. The cost formulas used to prepare a flexible budget can be adjusted to recognize multiple cost drivers. Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers

21. 8-21 Because of the large unfavorable wages and salaries spending variance, Larry decided to add an additional cost driver for wages and salaries. The variance is due primarily to the number of hours required for the additional edging and trimming. So Larry estimates the additional hours and builds those hours into both his revenue and expense budget formulas. Larry’s New Budget Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers

22. 8-22 Flexible Budgets with Multiple Cost Drivers Larry’s Budget Based on More than One Cost Driver

23. 8-23 Standard Costs Standards are benchmarks or “norms” for measuring performance. In managerial accounting, two types of standards are commonly used. Quantity standards specify how much of an input should be used to make a product or provide a service. Price standards specify how much should be paid for each unit of the input. Examples: Firestone, Sears, McDonald’s, hospitals, construction, and manufacturing companies.

24. 8-24 Setting Direct Materials Standards Standard Price per Unit Summarized in a Bill of Materials. Final, delivered cost of materials, net of discounts. Standard Quantity per Unit

25. 8-25 Setting Direct Labor Standards Use time and motion studies for each labor operation. Standard Hours per Unit Often a single rate is used that reflects the mix of wages earned. Standard Rate per Hour

26. 8-26 Setting Variable Manufacturing Overhead Standards The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate. Price Standard The quantity is the activity in the allocation base for predetermined overhead. Quantity Standard

27. 8-27 The Standard Cost Card A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:

28. 8-28 Using Standards in Flexible Budgets Standard costs per unit for direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead can be used to compute activity and spending variances. Spending variances become more useful by breaking them down into quantity and price variances.

29. 8-29 A General Model for Variance Analysis Variance Analysis Price Variance Difference between actual price and standard price Quantity Variance Difference between actual quantity and standard quantity

30. 8-30 Quantity and Price Standards Quantity and price standards are determined separately for two reasons:  The purchasing manager is responsible for raw material purchase prices and the production manager is responsible for the quantity of raw material used.  The buying and using activities occur at different times. Raw material purchases may be held in inventory for a period of time before being used in production.

31. 8-31 Variance Analysis Materials price variance Labor rate variance VOH rate variance Materials quantity variance Labor efficiency variance VOH efficiency variance A General Model for Variance Analysis Quantity VariancePrice Variance

32. 8-32 A General Model for Variance Analysis Quantity Variance (2) – (1) Price Variance (3) – (2) (1) Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Output, at Standard Price (SQ × SP) (2) Actual Quantity of Input, at Standard Price (AQ × SP) (3) Actual Quantity of Input, at Actual Price (AQ × AP) Spending Variance (3) – (1)

33. 8-33 A General Model for Variance Analysis Actual quantity is the amount of direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead actually used. Quantity Variance (2) – (1) Price Variance (3) – (2) (1) Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Output, at Standard Price (SQ × SP) (2) Actual Quantity of Input, at Standard Price (AQ × SP) (3) Actual Quantity of Input, at Actual Price (AQ × AP) Spending Variance (3) – (1)

34. 8-34 A General Model for Variance Analysis Standard quantity is the standard quantity allowed for the actual output of the period. Quantity Variance (2) – (1) Price Variance (3) – (2) (1) Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Output, at Standard Price (SQ × SP) (2) Actual Quantity of Input, at Standard Price (AQ × SP) (3) Actual Quantity of Input, at Actual Price (AQ × AP) Spending Variance (3) – (1)

35. 8-35 A General Model for Variance Analysis Actual price is the amount actually paid for the input used. Quantity Variance (2) – (1) Price Variance (3) – (2) (1) Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Output, at Standard Price (SQ × SP) (2) Actual Quantity of Input, at Standard Price (AQ × SP) (3) Actual Quantity of Input, at Actual Price (AQ × AP) Spending Variance (3) – (1)

36. 8-36 A General Model for Variance Analysis Quantity Variance (2) – (1) Price Variance (3) – (2) (1) Standard Quantity Allowed for Actual Output, at Standard Price (SQ × SP) (2) Actual Quantity of Input, at Standard Price (AQ × SP) (3) Actual Quantity of Input, at Actual Price (AQ × AP) Spending Variance (3) – (1) Standard price is the amount that should have been paid for the input used.

37. 8-37 Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct materials standard for the fiberfill in its mountain parka. 0.1 kg. of fiberfill per parka at $5.00 per kg. Last month 210 kgs. of fiberfill were purchased and used to make 2,000 parkas. The materials cost a total of $1,029. Materials Variances – An Example

38. 8-38 200 kgs. 210 kgs. 210 kgs. × × × $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $4.90 per kg. = $1,000 = $1,050 = $1,029 Quantity variance $50 unfavorable Price variance $21 favorable Materials Variances Summary Standard Quantity Actual Quantity Actual Quantity × × × Standard Price Standard Price Actual Price

39. 8-39 Materials Variances Summary 200 kgs. 210 kgs. 210 kgs. × × × $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $4.90 per kg. = $1,000 = $1,050 = $1,029 Quantity variance $50 unfavorable Price variance $21 favorable Standard Quantity Actual Quantity Actual Quantity × × × Standard Price Standard Price Actual Price 0.1 kg per parka  2,000 parkas = 200 kgs

40. 8-40 Materials Variances Summary 200 kgs. 210 kgs. 210 kgs. × × × $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. $4.90 per kg. = $1,000 = $1,050 = $1,029 Quantity variance $50 unfavorable Price variance $21 favorable Standard Quantity Actual Quantity Actual Quantity × × × Standard Price Standard Price Actual Price $1,029  210 kgs = $4.90 per kg

41. 8-41 Materials Variances: Using the Factored Equations Materials quantity variance MQV = (AQ × SP) – (SQ × SP) = SP(AQ – SQ) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs – (0.1 kg/parka  2,000 parkas)) = $5.00/kg (210 kgs – 200 kgs) = $5.00/kg (10 kgs) = $50 U Materials price variance MPV = (AQ × AP) – (AQ × SP) = AQ(AP – SP) = 210 kgs ($4.90/kg – $5.00/kg) = 210 kgs (– $0.10/kg) = $21 F

42. 8-42 Materials Price VarianceMaterials Quantity Variance Production Manager Purchasing Manager The standard price is used to compute the quantity variance so that the production manager is not held responsible for the purchasing manager’s performance. Responsibility for Materials Variances

43. 8-43 I am not responsible for this unfavorable materials quantity variance. You purchased cheap material, so my people had to use more of it. Your poor scheduling sometimes requires me to rush order materials at a higher price, causing unfavorable price variances. Responsibility for Materials Variances Production Manager Purchasing Manager

44. 8-44 Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct labor standard for its mountain parka. 1.2 standard hours per parka at $10.00 per hour Last month, employees actually worked 2,500 hours at a total labor cost of $26,250 to make 2,000 parkas. Labor Variances – An Example

45. 8-45 Efficiency variance $1,000 unfavorable Rate variance $1,250 unfavorable Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate Labor Variances Summary 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $10.00 per hour $10.00 per hour $10.50 per hour = $24,000 = $25,000 = $26,250

46. 8-46 Labor Variances Summary Efficiency variance $1,000 unfavorable Rate variance $1,250 unfavorable Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $10.00 per hour $10.00 per hour $10.50 per hour = $24,000 = $25,000 = $26,250 1.2 hours per parka  2,000 parkas = 2,400 hours

47. 8-47 Labor Variances Summary Efficiency variance $1,000 unfavorable Rate variance $1,250 unfavorable Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $10.00 per hour $10.00 per hour $10.50 per hour = $24,000 = $25,000 = $26,250 $26,250  2,500 hours = $10.50 per hour

48. 8-48 Labor Variances: Using the Factored Equations Labor efficiency variance LEV = (AH × SR) – (SH × SR) = SR (AH – SH) = $10.00 per hour (2,500 hours – 2,400 hours) = $10.00 per hour (100 hours) = $1,000 unfavorable Labor rate variance LRV = (AH × AR) – (AH × SR) = AH (AR – SR) = 2,500 hours ($10.50 per hour – $10.00 per hour) = 2,500 hours ($0.50 per hour) = $1,250 unfavorable

49. 8-49 Responsibility for Labor Variances Production Manager Production managers are usually held accountable for labor variances because they can influence the: Mix of skill levels assigned to work tasks. Level of employee motivation. Quality of production supervision. Quality of training provided to employees.

50. 8-50 I am not responsible for the unfavorable labor efficiency variance! You purchased cheap material, so it took more time to process it. I think it took more time to process the materials because the Maintenance Department has poorly maintained your equipment. Responsibility for Labor Variances

51. 8-51 Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct variable manufacturing overhead labor standard for its mountain parka. 1.2 standard hours per parka at $4.00 per hour Last month, employees actually worked 2,500 hours to make 2,000 parkas. Actual variable manufacturing overhead for the month was $10,500. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances – An Example

52. 8-52 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $4.00 per hour $4.00 per hour $4.20 per hour = $9,600 = $10,000 = $10,500 Efficiency variance $400 unfavorable Rate variance $500 unfavorable Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Summary Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate

53. 8-53 Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Summary 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $4.00 per hour $4.00 per hour $4.20 per hour = $9,600 = $10,000 = $10,500 Efficiency variance $400 unfavorable Rate variance $500 unfavorable Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate 1.2 hours per parka  2,000 parkas = 2,400 hours

54. 8-54 Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Summary 2,400 hours 2,500 hours 2,500 hours × × × $4.00 per hour $4.00 per hour $4.20 per hour = $9,600 = $10,000 = $10,500 Efficiency variance $400 unfavorable Rate variance $500 unfavorable Standard Hours Actual Hours Actual Hours × × × Standard Rate Standard Rate Actual Rate $10,500  2,500 hours = $4.20 per hour

55. 8-55 Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances: Using Factored Equations Variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance VMEV = (AH × SR) – (SH – SR) = SR (AH – SH) = $4.00 per hour (2,500 hours – 2,400 hours) = $4.00 per hour (100 hours) = $400 unfavorable Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance VMRV = (AH × AR) – (AH – SR) = AH (AR – SR) = 2,500 hours ($4.20 per hour – $4.00 per hour) = 2,500 hours ($0.20 per hour) = $500 unfavorable

56. 8-56 Materials Variances―An Important Subtlety The quantity variance is computed only on the quantity used. The price variance is computed on the entire quantity purchased.

57. 8-57 Glacier Peak Outfitters has the following direct materials standard for the fiberfill in its mountain parka. 0.1 kg. of fiberfill per parka at $5.00 per kg. Last month 210 kgs. of fiberfill were purchased at a cost of $1,029. Glacier used 200 kgs. to make 2,000 parkas. Materials Variances―An Important Subtlety

58. 8-58 200 kgs. 200 kgs. × × $5.00 per kg. $5.00 per kg. = $1,000 = $1,000 Quantity variance $0 Standard Quantity Actual Quantity × × Standard Price Standard Price Materials Variances―An Important Subtlety

59. 8-59 210 kgs. 210 kgs. × × $5.00 per kg. $4.90 per kg. = $1,050 = $1,029 Price variance $21 favorable Actual Quantity Actual Quantity × × Standard Price Actual Price Materials Variances―An Important Subtlety

60. 8-60 Variance Analysis and Management by Exception How do I know which variances to investigate? Larger variances, in dollar amount or as a percentage of the standard, are investigated first.

61. 8-61 Advantages of Standard Costs Management by exception Advantages Promotes economy and efficiency Simplified bookkeeping Enhances responsibility accounting

62. 8-62 Potential Problems Emphasis on negative may impact morale. Emphasizing standards may exclude other important objectives. Favorable variances may be misinterpreted. Continuous improvement may be more important than meeting standards. Standard cost reports may not be timely. Invalid assumptions about the relationship between labor cost and output. Potential Problems with Standard Costs

63. PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. PREDETERMINED OVERHEAD RATES AND OVERHEAD ANALYSIS IN A STANDARD COSTING SYSTEM Appendix 8A

64. 8-64 Volume variance Fixed Overhead Volume Variance Fixed Overhead Applied Actual Fixed Overhead Budgeted Fixed Overhead Volume variance Fixed overhead applied to work in process Budgeted fixed overhead =–

65. 8-65 FPOHR = Fixed portion of the predetermined overhead rate DH = Denominator hours SH = Standard hours allowed for actual output SH × FR DH × FR Fixed Overhead Volume Variance Volume variance FPOHR × (DH – SH) = Fixed Overhead Applied Actual Fixed Overhead Budgeted Fixed Overhead Volume variance

66. 8-66 Budget variance Fixed Overhead Budget Variance Budget variance Budgeted fixed overhead Actual fixed overhead =– Fixed Overhead Applied Actual Fixed Overhead Budgeted Fixed Overhead

67. 8-67 Computing Fixed Overhead Variances

68. 8-68 Computing Fixed Overhead Variances

69. 8-69 Predetermined Overhead Rates Predetermined overhead rate Estimated total manufacturing overhead cost Estimated total amount of the allocation base = Predetermined overhead rate $360,000 90,000 Machine-hours = Predetermined overhead rate = $4.00 per machine-hour

70. 8-70 Predetermined Overhead Rates Variable component of the predetermined overhead rate $90,000 90,000 Machine-hours = Variable component of the predetermined overhead rate = $1.00 per machine-hour Fixed component of the predetermined overhead rate $270,000 90,000 Machine-hours = Fixed component of the predetermined overhead rate = $3.00 per machine-hour

71. 8-71 Applying Manufacturing Overhead Overhead applied Predetermined overhead rate Standard hours allowed for the actual output =× Overhead applied $4.00 per machine-hour 84,000 machine-hours=× Overhead applied $336,000=

72. 8-72 Computing the Volume Variance Volume variance Fixed overhead applied to work in process Budgeted fixed overhead =– Volume variance = $18,000 Unfavorable Volume variance = $270,000 – $3.00 per machine-hour ( × $84,000 machine-hours )

73. 8-73 Computing the Volume Variance FPOHR = Fixed portion of the predetermined overhead rate DH = Denominator hours SH = Standard hours allowed for actual output Volume variance FPOHR × (DH – SH) = Volume variance = $3.00 per machine-hour ( × 90,000 mach-hours – 84,000 mach-hours ) Volume variance = 18,000 Unfavorable

74. 8-74 Computing the Budget Variance Budget variance Budgeted fixed overhead Actual fixed overhead =– Budget variance = $280,000 – $270,000 Budget variance = $10,000 Unfavorable

75. 8-75 A Pictorial View of the Variances Fixed Overhead Applied to Work in Process Actual Fixed Overhead Budgeted Fixed Overhead 280,000 270,000 252,000 Total variance, $28,000 unfavorable Budget variance, $10,000 unfavorable Volume variance, $18,000 unfavorable

76. 8-76 Fixed Overhead Variances – A Graphic Approach Let’s look at a graph showing fixed overhead variances. We will use ColaCo’s numbers from the previous example.

77. 8-77 Graphic Analysis of Fixed Overhead Variances Machine-hours (000) Budget $270,000 90 Denominator hours 0 0 Fixed overhead applied at $3.00 per standard hour

78. 8-78 Graphic Analysis of Fixed Overhead Variances Actual $280,000 Machine-hours (000) Budget $270,000 90 Denominator hours 0 0 Fixed overhead applied at $3.00 per standard hour Budget Variance 10,000 U {

79. 8-79 Applied $252,000 Machine-hours (000) Budget $270,000 Graphic Analysis of Fixed Overhead Variances 90840 0 Standard hours Fixed overhead applied at $3.00 per standard hour Denominator hours Budget Variance 10,000 U Volume Variance 18,000 U { { Actual $280,000

80. 8-80 Reconciling Overhead Variances and Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead In a standard cost system: Unfavorable variances are equivalent to underapplied overhead. Favorable variances are equivalent to overapplied overhead. The sum of the overhead variances equals the under- or overapplied overhead cost for the period.

81. 8-81 Reconciling Overhead Variances and Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead

82. 8-82 Computing the Variable Overhead Variances Variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance VMEV = (AH × SR) – (SH × SR) = $88,000 – (84,000 hours × $1.00 per hour) = $4,000 unfavorable

83. 8-83 Computing the Variable Overhead Variances Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance VMRV = (AH × AR) – (AH × SR) = $100,000 – (88,000 hours × $1.00 per hour) = $12,000 unfavorable

84. 8-84 Computing the Sum of All Variances

85. PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. GENERAL LEDGER ENTRIES TO RECORD VARIANCES Appendix 8B

86. 8-86 Glacier Peak Outfitters ― Revisited We will use information from the Glacier Peak Outfitters example presented earlier in the chapter to illustrate journal entries for standard cost variances. Recall the following: Material AQ × AP = $1,029 AQ × SP = $1,050 SQ × SP = $1,000 MPV = $21 F MQV = $50 U Labor AH × AR = $26,250 AH × SR = $25,000 SH × SR = $24,000 LRV = $1,250 U LEV = $1,000 U Now, let’s prepare the entries to record the labor and material variances.

87. 8-87 Recording Materials Variances

88. 8-88 Recording Labor Variances

89. 8-89 Cost Flows in a Standard Cost System Inventories are recorded at standard cost. Variances are recorded as follows:  Favorable variances are credits, representing savings in production costs.  Unfavorable variances are debits, representing excess production costs. Standard cost variances are usually closed out to cost of goods sold.  Unfavorable variances increase cost of goods sold.  Favorable variances decrease cost of goods sold. Inventories are recorded at standard cost. Variances are recorded as follows:  Favorable variances are credits, representing savings in production costs.  Unfavorable variances are debits, representing excess production costs. Standard cost variances are usually closed out to cost of goods sold.  Unfavorable variances increase cost of goods sold.  Favorable variances decrease cost of goods sold.

90. 8-90 End of Chapter 08