1. CLUB FOOT SARAH FAULKNER BIO 201 SUMMER JUNE, 15 TH 2010

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Club foot definition: Slide 3 Names: Slide 4 Causes: Slide 5 Diagnosing: Slide 6 Symptoms: Slide 7 Treatment: Slide 8 Prevention: Slide 15 Prognosis: Slide 16 Facts: Slide 18 Bibliography: Slide 19

3. CLUB FOOT IS A CONGENITAL DISEASE IN WHICH THE FOOT TURNS INWARD AND DOWNWARD (ABOUT.COM) CLUB FOOT Club Foot

4. NAMES Club Foot Talipes Equinovarus Talipes (About.com)

5. CAUSES Cause is not known Congenital Hereditary More common in males (Mayo Clinic Staff)

6. DIAGNOSING CLUB FOOT Most often diagnosed during ultrasounds Physical Exams (About.com) Radiography

7. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The foot is turned inward and downward The foot is difficult to keep in a normal position The foot and the calf muscles are smaller than normal (Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia)

8. TREATMENT Treatment works best if done immediately after birth Treatment depends on severity of the case Treatment can range from casts, to physical therapy, to surgery ( Pediatric Orthopedics P.C) Cases of club foot not treated in infancy

9. 3 MAIN TYPES OF TREATMENT Ponseti Treatment which uses a series of casts to straighten the foot French Treatment-utilizes physical therapy to strengthen muscles and straighten foot Surgical Procedure- Several types of surgery are used based on how severe the case (Encyclopedia of Surgery)

10. PONSETI TREATMENT Developed by Dr. Ignacio Ponseti in the 1950s(Wikipedia) Casting of the legs from the feet to the groin is done as soon as possible after birth A series of 10 casts is used, with a new one every week The last cast is used for 3 weeks A special brace is used at 3 months until 3 years of age Successful in 50% of the cases Inexpensive to teach and use which is helpful in poverty stricken areas (Encyclopedia of Surgery)

11. PONSETI TREATMENT Casting (Pediatric Orthopedics P.C.) Brace

12. FRENCH TREATMENT Daily therapy is done on the foot 5 days a week Therapy lasts 1 hour at a clinic and more exercises are done at home The foot is taped in normal position and splinted in place when therapy is complete This is done for 3 months

13. SURGERY Usually done after other treatments have failed to correct the foot Type of surgery depends on severity of the deformity Often the long tendons are shortened and the short tendons are lengthened to release foot into normal position. (Encyclopedia of Surgery.com)

14. TYPES OF TREATMENT

15. There is no specific prevention for Club foot However, since it is a birth defect, pregnant mothers can limit there chance for babies to develop birth defects Pregnant women can refrain from smoking, drinking, or being around cigarette smoke to help prevent birth defects (The Staff of the Mayo Clinic) Prevention

16. PROGNOSIS Prognosis is good for children who are treated early Treatment can result in the ability for a person to live a normal life with few or no problems Prognosis is not as good when a person suffers from other birth defects or diseases (Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia)

17. SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT CLUB FOOT BEFORE TREATMENT CLUB FOOT TREATMENT Club Foot after treatment (about.com Vincent Iamelli, M.D)

18. CLUB FOOT FACTS 1 in 1000 births is affected with club foot Most are bilateral or occurring in both feet Occurs in males twice as often as females 80% of children with club foot are born to impoverished nations (Ganga Medical Centre and Hospital Pvt Ltd)

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY Foot interventions. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://www.pediatric- orthopedics.com/Treatments/Feet/feet.htmlhttp://www.pediatric- orthopedics.com/Treatments/Feet/feet.html Club foot. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/infectiousdiseases/Clubfoot.htm http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/infectiousdiseases/Clubfoot.htm Club foot repair. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://adam.about.com/surgery/Club-foot- repair-series.htm#http://adam.about.com/surgery/Club-foot- repair-series.htm# Club foot repair. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce- Fi/Club-Foot-Repair.htmlhttp://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce- Fi/Club-Foot-Repair.html Dr. Ponseti. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Ponsetihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Ponseti Club foot. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://www.gangahospital.com/PaediatricOrthopaedics/ClubFoot.html http://www.gangahospital.com/PaediatricOrthopaedics/ClubFoot.html Club foot repair. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://health.allrefer.com/health/club-foot- repair-club-foot-repair-series.htmlhttp://health.allrefer.com/health/club-foot- repair-club-foot-repair-series.html Club foot prevention. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/clubfoot/DS00814/DSECTION=prevention http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/clubfoot/DS00814/DSECTION=prevention Club foot repair. Retrieved June, 8 2010, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002964.htm