1. 1 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (for Erasmus students) Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius Computer Dept. stasys@ecdl.lt stasys.maciulevicius@ktu.lt

2. ©S.Maciulevičius2 2009 First systems The first personal computer motherboard has been designed with small and medium- integration logic They cover a large area on the motherboard, energy compsumtion was relativ high level Designers observed that certain functions on your computer are "standard", such as floppy drive management, direct memory access or interrupt management

3. ©S.Maciulevičius3 2009 System chip set System chip set or chipset refers to a group of integrated circuits (or chips), that controls and manages the exchange of data between the processor, memory, cache, system bus, peripheral devices Such chips are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product logic While the data flow is a critical factor in terms of system operation and greatly affect computer perfomance, chipset is one of the components with the greatest impact on the quality of your PC, its features and perfomance

4. ©S.Maciulevičius4 2009 System chip set Previously, computer control and management were realized using separate chips - controllers: interrupt controller, direct memory access controller, bus controller, DRAM controller, system controller and so on. Gradualy these controllers were integrated into the chipset, consisting of two or more chips

5. ©S.Maciulevičius5 2009 PC chipsets A set of chips that provides the interfaces between all of the PC's subsystems It provides the buses and electronics to allow the CPU, memory and input/output devices to interact PC chipsets, which are housed on one to four chips, include built-in controllers for almost all common peripherals The primary components on a PC motherboard are the PC chipset, CPU, memory, clock, buses and BIOS A chipset is usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance

6. ©S.Maciulevičius6 2009 PC/AT chip set In personal computers the first chipset for the IBM PC AT was the NEAT chipset for the Intel 80286 CPU The central chip of the NEAT chipset was 82C206 chip, introduced by in 1986. This chip provided equivalent functionality to the TTL chips on the PC/AT's mainboard, namely: the 82284 clock generator the 82288 bus controller the 8254 Programmable Interval Timer the two 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controllers the two 8237 DMA controllers the NVRAM/RTC chip

7. ©S.Maciulevičius7 2009 PC/AT chip set This set of components comprised most of the logic (aside from the CPU itself) on a PC/AT- compatible mainboard, and the creation of the 82C206 allowed mainboard manufacturers to significantly reduce the number of components on, and thereby the cost of manufacture of, such mainboards However, mainboards still required four other chips, in addition to the 82C206. These other chips were buffers and memory controllers These five chips were C&T's CS8220 chipset

8. ©S.Maciulevičius8 2009 PC chipset

9. ©S.Maciulevičius9 2009 PC chipsets The term chipset often refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard  the northbridge and  the southbridge The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially main memory and graphics controllers, and the southbridge connects to lower- speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA) In many modern chipsets, the southbridge actually contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and audio devices

10. ©S.Maciulevičius10 2009 PC chipsets Note: This is schematic drawing; buses now are more advanced

11. ©S.Maciulevičius11 2009 Intel 865 in Pentium 4

12. ©S.Maciulevičius12 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius12 Intel X58 Express

13. ©S.Maciulevičius13 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius13 Intel X58 Express The Intel X58 Express Chipset supports the latest 45nm Intel Core i7 processor family at 6.4 GT/s and 4.8 GT/s speeds via the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (Intel QPI) Additionally, this chipset delivers dual x16 or quad x8 PCI Express 2.0 graphics card support, and support for Intel High Performance Solid State Drives

14. ©S.Maciulevičius14 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius14 Intel X58 Express Supports such modern technologies, as  Intel High Definition Audio – premium digital sound, multiple audio streams  Intel Matrix Storage – with additional hard drives added, provides quicker access to digital photo, video and data files with RAID 0, 5, and 10; greater data protection, eSATA 3Gb/s  Intel Rapid Recover – recovery point that can be used to quickly recover a system should a hard drive fail or if there is massive data corruption

15. ©S.Maciulevičius15 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius15 Intel X58 Express  Intel Turbo Memory – innovative cache designed to improve the responsiveness of applications, application load times, and system boot performance  Serial ATA (SATA) 3 Gb/s – high-speed storage interface supports faster transfer rate for improved data access up to six SATA ports  eSATA – SATA interface designed for use with external SATA devices; it provides a link for 3 Gb/s data speeds  USB port disable – enables individual USB ports to be enabled or disabled as needed

16. ©S.Maciulevičius16 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius16 AMD SR5690/SP5100

17. ©S.Maciulevičius17 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius17 AMD SR5690/SP5100 Compatible with all AMD embedded processors including high performance AMD Opteron processors, socketed AM2 low power single and dual-core AMD Athlon processors and very low power AMD Athlon, AMD Sempron and AMD Turion ASB1 (BGA) processors Two I/O bridges can be used in the same system in any combination Support both low power and high Tcase, allowing them to be used in compact designs Operating System Support for Windows Vista, Windows XP and XPe, Windows 7 and Windows 7 Embedded, Linux, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008

18. ©S.Maciulevičius18 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius18 AMD SR5690/SP5100 I/O Bridge: HyperTransportTM 3 Technology  5.2GT/s peak bandwidth  Compatible with HT1 processors in HT1 mode PCI Express Generation 2  SR5690 (42 lanes/11 engines) Two x16, one x16 + two x8, four x8 Six x1 configurable in combinations of x1, x2 or x4 One x4 configurable as x4, x2 or x1 PCI Express Hot Plug

19. ©S.Maciulevičius19 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius19 AMD SR5690/SP5100 Southbridge: PCI 2.3 Interface - up to 6 master devices Six SATA 2.5 Ports: support for SATA 1.5 and 3.0 compatible devices, RAID 0,1,10, e-SATA, Hyperflash IDE Interface - single PATA channel supporting two devices High Definition Audio - Unified Audio Architecture compatible, four independent streams

20. ©S.Maciulevičius20 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius20 Chipsets and graphics The most powerful class of GPUs typically interface with the motherboard by means of an expansion slot such as PCI Express (PCIe) or AGP and can usually be replaced or upgraded with relative ease Integrated graphics solutions are graphics processors that utilize a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory Today's integrated solutions such as the Intel's G45 chipset, AMD's 780G chipset and NVIDIA's GeForce 8200 are more than capable of handling 2D graphics from Adobe Flash or low stress 3D graphics

21. ©S.Maciulevičius21 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius21 Eaglelake chipsets Eaglelake chipset found the proper names: Intel p45 for the discrete version and Intel g45 for the integrated version This last has the graphic core GMA x4500 with directX 10 support, which will be three times more productive than graphic system in chipset intel g33 This chipset will also support interfaces DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort. The decoding of high quality video from blu-ray disks and HD DVD will be accelerated at the hardware level

22. ©S.Maciulevičius22 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius22 Intel G45 Express chipset The Intel G45 Express Chipset, with the next-generation Intel Graphics Media Accelerator X4500HD, includes built-in support for full 1080p high-definition video playback, including Blu-ray disc movies This powerful video engine provides users with a rich, new media experience to deliver smooth HD playback without the need for add-in video cards or decoders Intel GMA X4500HD comes with Intel Clear Video Technology, a combination of video processing hardware and software technologies designed to enhance the visual experience

23. ©S.Maciulevičius23 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius23 Intel G45 Express chipset

24. ©S.Maciulevičius24 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius24 AMD 780G chipset

25. ©S.Maciulevičius25 2009 ©S.Maciulevičius25 AMD 780G chipset The 780G's IGP (integrated graphics processor) is actually its strongest feature The new IGP (officially dubbed the Radeon HD 3200) is a die-shrunk 2400XT part that's been built directly into the chipset The 2400XT's 40 SP's (compared to 320 SP's on the 2900XT) made it a weak desktop part, but it should offer excellent integrated performance The HD 3200 runs at a 500MHz core clock and is capable of addressing up to 512MB of system RAM