1. 1 C. Diver, J. Atkinson, H.J. Helml, L. Li Institute of Mechanical – Engineering – Department Date ： 2009 / 05 / 19

2. 22  Introduction  Experimental procedures  Reverse tapered hole drilling technique development  Results and discussion  Conclusion

3. 3  EDM has traditionally been used for producing complex moulds for injection moulding or forming. It has also been widely used for cutting profiles out of metal plates by means of wire EDM.  Diesel fuel injection nozzles.  Turbine blades.

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8. 8 De-ionised - ∼ 4×10 4 Ω-cm Oils - 2×10 −14 Ω-cm Dielectric removal rates surface aspect ratios energy transfer DI-Waterfasterpoorerlowermore Oilslowerbetterhigherless

9. 9  Feed and rotate the electrode at the angle required to achieve the desired hole taper.

10. 10 k-factor hole, which is a method of characterising a reverse tapered hole. where 10 is equivalent to a 1mm hole length, D 1 the diameter at electrode exit, D 2 the diameter at electrode entry, and 10 is a function of hole length. The k-factor raise from 1.5 to 6.5, made it by redesigned method.

11. 11 Impression of a hole from existing equipment Impression of a tapered hole using the improved drilling technique.

12. 12 Diameter measurements of a sample of 100 holes showed a diameter variation of up to 8 μ m. The diameter at electrode entry was between 106 and 114 μ m.

13. 13 This shows that the technique maintains the surface finish quality achievable with standard micro-EDM. Ra ~ 0.3 μm.

14. 14 roundness values of 2–3 μm. The hole diameter is 130 μm

15. 15 The final assessment of the concept was to test it on four separate EDM heads and to produce 1500 holes per head, 6 holes per plate and 250 plates. Thirty of the 250 plates were measured.

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18. 18  This technique has been successfully tested in an industrial environment.  Improvement in the hole quality and reverse tapered holes.  Easily adapted to fit an existing system and the results have shown that the solution is stable and repeatable.

19. 19  High quality reverse tapered holes can be produced.  The hole diameter variation within 3 μm.  Cycle times similar to standard EDM.  The k-factor values up to k = 6.5 have been produced.  Ra = 0.3 μm.  The solution can be applied to existing equipment without the need for a major retrofit.  One main application area is for diesel fuel injection nozzles to improve emissions from diesel engines without the need for higher injection pressures or smaller diameter holes.

20. 20 Thanks for your attention !