1. Student Drug Testing: Effective? Joy Martin University Central Oklahoma

2. Oklahoma Teen Drug Use 32% of OK high school students have used marijuana 32% of OK high school students have used marijuana 2% of OK high school students have used some form of cocaine 2% of OK high school students have used some form of cocaine 10% of adolescents ages 12-17 have used prescription pain relievers (for non- medical reasons) 10% of adolescents ages 12-17 have used prescription pain relievers (for non- medical reasons)

3. Student Drug Testing On June 27, 2002, Justice Clarence Thomas of the Supreme Court delivered the opinion of the Court: On June 27, 2002, Justice Clarence Thomas of the Supreme Court delivered the opinion of the Court:

4. “All students who participate in competitive extracurricular activities to submit to drug testing. Because this Policy reasonably serves the School District’s important interest in detecting and preventing drug use among its students, we hold that it is constitutional.”

6. Dissenting Opinion The ruling “falls short doubly if deterrence is its aim: It invades the privacy of students who need deterrence least, and risks steering students at greatest risk for substance abuse away from extracurricular involvement that potentially may palliate drug problems.”

7. Illicit Drug Use Among 12 Graders 21% of Students reported using an illicit drug (other than marijuana) in a School with a Drug Testing Program 21% of Students reported using an illicit drug (other than marijuana) in a School with a Drug Testing Program 19% of Students reported using an illicit drug (other than marijuana) in a School without a Drug Testing Program 19% of Students reported using an illicit drug (other than marijuana) in a School without a Drug Testing Program

8. Marijuana Use Among 12 th Graders 37% of Students reported using marijuana in a School with a Drug Testing Program 37% of Students reported using marijuana in a School with a Drug Testing Program 36% of Students reported using marijuana in a School without a Drug Testing Program 36% of Students reported using marijuana in a School without a Drug Testing Program

9. Drug Prevention Programs D.A.R.E D.A.R.E –Drug Abuse Resistance Education keepin’ it REAL keepin’ it REAL –Refuse, Explain, Avoid, Leave

10. Students receiving keepin’ it REAL reported lower alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use than students who did not receive the program. The effectiveness of the curriculum resulted in the selection of keepin’ it REAL as one of SAMHSA’s model programs and its listing on the National Registry of Effective Programs. National Registry of Effective Programs National Registry of Effective Programs

11. Parental Involvement Open Communication Open Communication At-home testing kits At-home testing kits Zero tolerance Zero tolerance