1. ET 332a Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices 1

2. After this presentation you will be able to:  Identify the sources of power loss in separately excited dc generators and compute their values  Balance the input and output power of a separately excited dc generator.  Compute generator efficiency  Explain how changing generator load affects efficiency  Explain how the generator/motor and motor generator transition takes place in dc machines 2

3. P em PePe P oe =V t (I a ) Armature Field P shaft P fw P stray P core P acir PbPb PfPf P fcl P shaft = total mechanical power developed at shaft (W) P fw = friction and windage losses (W) (from test) P stray = stray load losses (W) (from test) P core = core losses (W) (from test) Electromechanical power that is developed at armature (W) Electric power output from armature (W) P acir = armature circuit losses I a 2 (R acir ) (W) P b = losses due to brush drop V b (I a ) (W) P oe = electric power output at terminals (W) P f = power delivered to the field circuit P fcl = field-circuit losses, I f 2 (R c ) (W) 3

4. Electric power developed at the armature is equal to the electromechancial power delivered from the shaft. To find P e, add electrical losses to output electric power, P oe In terms of armature circuit variables the above is: Where V b = 0.5 for metal-graphite brushes = 2.0 for electrographitic and graphite brushes 4

5. P em P shaft P fw P core On mechanical side of generator: Find shaft power input by equating P e and P em and then adding mechanical losses Find electromechanical power in armature by subtracting mechanical losses from shaft power P stray 5

6. Ratio of output power to input power determines efficiency of dc generator Where:  = machine efficiency P out = machine output power P in = machine input power P losses = total mechanical and electrical losses For generator operation : 6 Units must be the same (Watts or HP) Mathematically or

7. 7 Example: A 25 kW, 120 V, 1800 rpm separately excited generator is delivering rated current. The stray losses of the generator are found from test to be 1.5% of the rated output. The total core, friction, and windage losses are 2.0% of rated output. R acir =0.0280  Neglect the losses of the field circuit. Assume graphite brushes. a.) Find the power in HP that the prime mover must develop at rated speed to drive the generator b.) Find the efficiency of the machine operating at rated load. c.) Find the efficiency of the machine when operating at 0% 25%, 50% and 75% of rated output. Assume that rated terminal voltage is maintained at the generator output as the load varies. d.) Plot the % efficiency vs the % load and comment on the result

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9. 9 Remember P e = P em in armature Now compute the efficiency at full load

10. 10 Compute the efficiency at 0% output power

11. 11 Shaft power required of prime mover to overcome mechanical losses Now compute the efficiency with 0% output

12. 12 Now compute the efficiencies for the other load levels From previous calculations

13. 13 Electric power developed Prime mover required horsepower

14. 14 Now compute efficiencies for 50 and 75% loading Finally compute the total power losses for 50 and 75% load

15. 15 Electric power values in armature Add fixed losses between armature and shaft to get the required shaft power

16. 16 Power losses related to I a are called load losses since they relate to the generator loading Maximum efficiency occurs when the fixed losses equal the load losses.

17. 17 Using machine at lower than rated values reduces machine efficiency. It drop greatly after about 25% of rated Typical Efficiency curve Percentage of rating used is called the load factor of an electrical device.

18. 18 R acir EaEa + Prime Mover V sys Dc power system For generator action, I a must exit the armature + terminal IaIa Clutch If E a > V sys, then I a leaves the machine for generator action and power is delivered to system P eo If E a = V sys, then I a =0 a power is delivered to system but generator action

19. 19 For motor action, current must enter the positive terminal of the machine: V sys > E a R acir EaEa + Prime Mover V sys IaIa When current enters, clutch opens preventing opposing torque from damaging prime mover Mechanical power delivered to load depends on the needs of the load. With no mechanical power load, the electric power drawn is only that necessary to overcome electrical and mechanical losses

20. ET 332a Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices 20