1. Prepared by Mr.Yeung BIO30S
Blood Groups
Prepared by Mr.Yeung
BIO30S

2. Blood types were discovered…
Discovered by Karl Landsteiner
Won Nobel Prize 1930
Why is finding out your
blood type important?
But now …
How did he discover them?

3. What he did… He had a bunch of different vials of blood 1 2 3 4
And then he just mixed them together

4. Like so… 1 2 2 4 What about? It CLUMPED too! It CLUMPED!

5. So… what do you think..? 1 4 1 3 What about…? No Clumping eh?
What the?? CLUMPING?

6. So what do we have? We have some that clump.
And some that don’t clump. 1 2 3 4

7. What he found was…
Clumping was due to an immune response caused by antibodies
There were antibodies that were specific to some certain type of blood, which caused the clumping
He then found out the antigens (A & B) on the surface of the red blood cells stimulated the antibody response
He classified the 4 blood types A, B, AB, O

8. So what he found was A B AB O No antigens for antibodies to bind
Either one can bind
Antibody

9. So what he found was Antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
Antibodies that were specific to the antigens
The combination of both causes CLUMPING! Or agglutination

10. Blood types What does it mean to have different blood types?
Defined by the type of antigens (foreign stuff or anything that triggers WBC to take action) attached
If I have type A blood, I have “A” antigen
If I have type B blood, I have “B” antigen
If I have type AB blood, I have both“A + B” antigen
If I have type O blood, I have No antigen

11. Blood types
Other than the antigens (bad guys that cause an immune response (antibodies to take action)
You also have antibodies (good guys – seeks out the antigens)
The antibody acts as “special police” in our blood stream and binds on to anything that they are specific to.
So an antibody B will stop and bind to B antigens and antibody A will stop and bind to A antigens

12. So what he found was A B AB O No antigens for antibodies to bind
Either one can bind
Antibody

13. Blood types In blood, if they bind together …
If antibody A binds with antigen A (type A blood) it will… agglutinate or clump together.
If antibody B binds with antigen B (type B blood) it will…
Agglutinate or clump together
If antibody B binds with antigen B in AB blood it will…

14. So what he found was A B AB O No antigens for antibodies to bind
Clumping!
Clumping!
Clumping!
No Clumping cause
There is no binding
Either one can bind
Antibody

15. Blood types In real life…
If clumping occurs in our blood stream it will cause serious complications.
That’s why…
When you receive blood, they always make sure that your blood is compatible

16. Blood types There are 4 blood types A, B, AB, O
Type A has “A” antigen, and B antibodies
Type B has “B” antigen, and A antibodies
Type AB has “A” and “B” antigen, and NO antibodies
Type O has NO antigen and “A” and “B” antibodies

17. How do you find out your blood type?
Since there are only two antibodies that stimulate a response in our blood, we use type A and type B antibody to test our 4 combinations
Place a drop of blood on to antibody A and see if there is a reaction.
Place a drop of blood on to antibody B and see if there is a reaction.
If there is a reaction in antibody A, and not in B then you know it is blood type A because there is only A antigen on the red blood cell.

18. Blood Typing My blood Antibody A Clumping Antibody B Antibody A
My blood Type A

19. Blood Typing What type is this? My blood My blood Antibody A
Antibody B
Antibody A
Antibody B
Clumping
Type B

20. Blood Typing What about… My blood Antibody A Antibody B Clumping
Type AB

21. Blood Transfusion What about… My blood Antibody A Antibody B My blood
No Clumping
No Clumping
What blood type is this?
Type O – O doesn’t have any antigens

22. Reaction of Blood when mixed with A and B Antibodies
Sample Mixed with Anti A
Sample Mixed with Anti B
Antigens present in Red Blood Cells
Blood Type
No Clumping
None O
Clumping B A
A and B AB

23. Questions 1. What causes clumping to occur in blood transfusion?
2. What are the 4 blood types?
3. What antibody(ies) is found on blood type O?
4. What is your blood type if there is clumping in the anti-A, and anti-B serum?
5. What is your blood type if there is no clumping in both your anti-A and anti-B serum?
6. How can you cause someone’s blood to clump if you knew his blood type.
7. There is clumping in anti-A but not anti-B serum, what blood type do you have?
8. What antibodies are found on type AB blood?

24. Blood transfusion
Now we know our blood have antigens and antibodies in it how can we make transfusing blood safer?
We know blood type A can be transfused with blood type A, but what about the others?
Let’s think…

25. Blood Stream with Type A blood
Your blood stream…
If your blood type is A, you will have anti-B antibody.
Anti-B antibody A A
So what can be donated to this blood stream?
Type A?
Type B? A A
Type AB?
Type O?

26. Blood Stream with Type A Blood
Transfuse with Type B?
What is in Type B blood?
B antigen
What is in Type A blood?
Anti B antibody A A
Anti-B antibody B
CLUMP! A A

27. Blood transfusion Transfuse with Type AB? AB A A
What is in Type AB blood?
A & B antigen AB A
B antibody AB
CLUMP! AB A

28. Blood transfusion Type O? A A O What is in Type O blood? No antigen A
B antibody
NO CLUMPING! O A A

29. Therefore…
You can only donate type A and type O blood to type A blood.

30. What about if your blood is…
Type B?

31. Blood Type B transfusion
Your blood stream…
If your blood type is B, you will have anti-A antibody. B
Anti-A antibody B
So what can be donated to this blood stream?
Type A?
Type B? B B
Type AB?
Type O?

32. Blood type B transfusion
Type A?
What is in Type A blood?
A antigen B B
Anti-A antibody in Type B blood A
CLUMP! B B

33. Blood type B transfusion
Type AB? AB
What is in Type AB blood?
A & B antigen B B AB
CLUMP! B B

34. Blood type B transfusion
Type O? O
What is in Type O blood?
No antigen B B
Anti A Antibody in type B blood
NO CLUMPING! O B B

35. Therefore
You can only donate type B blood and type O blood to type B blood.

36. What about type AB? Who can donate to type AB?
What does type AB blood contain?
A & B antigen, and no antibodies AB AB
Any blood can donate to type AB
Or known as Universal Recipient
Because there are no antibodies to
clump B A

37. What about type O? Who can donate to type O?
What does type O blood contain?
No antigens but both A & B antibodies O O
Only type O can receive type O blood because type O has
Both antibodies.
It will cause clumping if any
A or B or both A & B blood comes in contact with type O. O O

38. But who can type O donate to…?
Hmph…nothing to bind to
Since type O doesn’t have any antigens…type O can donate to any blood type because other blood types do not have the antibodies AGAINST type O O

39. Summary
O = universal donor – can donate to all types of blood because other types of blood do not have antibodies against O to cause clumping.
AB = universal recipient – can receive any type of blood because there are no antibodies against the incoming blood.
A = Specific – get blood from O or A
B = Specific – get blood from …O or B

40. Rh Factor Another antigen found on the surface of red blood cells.
Found 85% of the population in Canada
Denoted as + (Rh Positive) for having the Rh antigen
Denoted as – (Rh negative) for NOT having the Rh antigen
Rh factor is an additional antigen and it makes our blood type to have either + or –
Ex. A+ AB- O- O+ etc…

41. Rh factor In addition to the A, B, AB, and O blood types.
Blood transfusion with Rh factor must be taken into consideration
Rh- blood can donate to Rh+ blood
Rh+ blood can receive blood from any Rh+/- blood
If Rh+ is transfused with Rh-, then an antibody will be formed against Rh+.
Rh+ can received any Rh blood because it doesn’t have the antibodies against anything.

42. You Can Receive Blood From A+ A+ AB+ A+ A- O+ O- O+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ O+ O-
Type
You Can Give Blood To
You Can Receive Blood From A+
A+  AB+
A+  A-  O+  O- O+
O+  A+  B+  AB+
O+  O- B+
B+  AB+
B+  B-  O+  O-
AB+
Everyone A-
A+  A-  AB+  AB-
A-  O- O- B-
B+  B-  AB+  AB-
B-  O-
AB-
AB+  AB-
AB-  A-  B-  O-

43. Rh Factor problem Problem comes during pregnancies
Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ (got it from the father)
Blood from child (Rh+) could cross the placenta and transfuse into mother
The foreign blood of the child with Rh+ antigen will cause the mother to make antibodies against the antigen.
Doesn’t affect the current baby, because the mother does not have the antibodies yet.
But in later pregnancies, the new developed antibodies could cross the blood lining and get into the baby’s blood stream.
Causing swelling and anemia by attacking the baby’s red blood cells

46. Treatment to Rh problem
Inject mother with Rh immunoglobulin (antibody) at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery.
Prevents antibodies from being formed in the mother.

47. Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+

48. During delivery, the baby’s blood enters the mother’s blood stream
Causing antibodies against the Rh factor to form

49. Could enter the baby’s blood stream causing anemia and swelling.
In later pregancies, the antibody developed from the previous pregnancy
Could enter the baby’s blood stream causing anemia and swelling.

50. Questions
1. Your blood typing test shows clumping in your anti-A serum but not anti-B, what blood type do you have?
2. Your blood typing test shows clumping in both your anti-A and anti-B serum, what blood type do you have?
3. Your blood typing test did not show any clumping in both anti-A and anti-B serum, what blood type do you have?
4. You want to donate blood to your brother who has type B blood, what blood type do you have to be to donate blood to him?
5. You want to donate blood to your sister who has type AB blood, what blood type do you have to be?
6. What are antigens and antibodies in blood clumping sense?
7. You have type O blood, who can you donate your blood to?
8. What kind of antibodies do you have in type AB blood, type O blood and type A blood?
9. What kind of antigens are found on the surface of type A, B, AB, and O red blood cells?
10. You did a blood transfusion on a patient, and his blood clumped. You found out he has type B blood, what could have been the blood types that caused this clumping?

51. Answers 1. O- 2. B- or O- 3. A- or O- 4. All 5. A B AB O negatives