1. Health Biotechnology Stem Cell
LECTURE 20:
Health Biotechnology Stem Cell
Biotechnology; 3 Credit hours
Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

2. What are Stem cells
Unspecialised cells lacking any tissue-specific structure
Can give rise to specialised cells through the process of differentiation
Stem cells are the raw material from which all of the body’s mature, differentiated cells are made.
Stem cells give rise to brain cells, nerve cells, heart cells, pancreatic cells, etc.

3. Stem Cells !!! stem cell (copying) (specializing) specialized cell
SELF-RENEWAL
(copying)
DIFFERENTIATION
(specializing)
specialized cell
e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell
stem cell

4. Stem Cell Definition
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
Stem Cell

5. Kinds of Stem Cells Cell type Description Examples Totipotent
Each cell can develop into a new individual
Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos
Pluripotent*
Cells can form any (over 200) cell types
Some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
Multipotent*
Cells differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues
Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells
*The pluripotent stem cells are in fact derived from totipotent stem cells. The pluripotent stem cells can develop into any cell type except for the extra-embryonic tissue.
*Multipotent progenitor cells can give rise to many but limited types of cell. For example, a hematopoietic cell can give rise to several types of blood cells (i.e. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc.)

6. Tissue Differentiation
Totipotent Stem Cells
Day 2
2-cell embryo
Day 3-4
Multi-cell embryo
Day 1
Fertilized egg
Day 5-6
Blastocyst
Day 11-14
Tissue Differentiation

8. Multipotent Stem Cells

9. Stem Cell types: Origin
Stem Cells comprise the following Types
Embryonic Stem Cells
Fetal Stem Cells
Umbilical Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cell

10. A human embryo is considered fetus 8 weeks after the egg is fertilized

11. 1- Embryonic Stem Cells Usually they are pluripotent cells
Most valuable can become into any type
1998 first human embryonic cell was grown
In invitro fertilization (IVF)
Extra embryo that are not implanted are frozen

12. Embryonic Stem Cells

13. 2- Fetal Stem Cells These are also pluripotent Fetus brain tissue
They are excellent source of cells for adults with Parkinson’s disease

14. 3- Umbilical Stem Cells
The cells from cord blood are multipotent stem cell.
They can naturally develop into blood cells and immune cells
Cord blood cells are highly suitable because they have less rejection.
They also lack mature immune cells that can attack the recipient body.
Cord cells can be store and it can be denoted by woman after giving birth.
Cord blood bank

15. 4- Adult Stem Cell Numerous multipotent adult stem exist in body
Can develop into cells of specific types of the tissue
These are least plastic in term of differentiation
Much research is focused in this area

16. Application of Stem Cells

17. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
adult cell
‘genetic reprogramming’
= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
behave like embryonic stem cells
all possible types of
specialized cells
culture iPS cells
in the lab
differentiation
Advantage: no need for embryos!