1. Earth, Moon, and Sun Table of Contents The Sky From Earth
Earth in Space
Gravity and Motion
Phases and Eclipses
Tides
Earth’s Moon

2. How do earth, the moon, and the sun interact?
Chapter 6 Big Question
How do earth, the moon, and the sun interact?

3. Chapter 6 Lesson 1: The Sky from Earth
Objectives:
Identify objects and constellations visible in the night sky without a telescope
Describe the apparent motion of stars and planets throughout the year.

4. What Can You See in the Night Sky?
On a clear night we may see:
The moon
Earth’s only natural SATELLITE (body that orbits a planet)
PLANETS
Objects that orbit the sun
Large enough to have become rounded by its own gravity
Cleared the area of its orbit (no obstacles)
Can see 5 without a telescope
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
METEORS
Streak of light produced when a small object burns up entering Earth’s atmosphere

5. What Can You See in the Night Sky?
On a clear night we may see:
COMETS
Cold mixture of dust and ice
Give a long trail of light as it approaches the sun
More rare than meteors
STARS
A giant ball of hot gas mainly composed of hydrogen and helium

6. The Sky From Earth CONSTELLATIONS
A constellation is a pattern or group of stars that people imagined to represent a figure, animal, or object.

7. The Sky From Earth Finding Constellations
What are the names of the constellations in this figure?

8. How Do Objects in the Sky Appear to Move?
Stars, planets, and other objects move in space
Their actual motions and their apparent motions (how they look like they are moving) may be very different
The apparent motion depends on the motions of the Earth

9. Stars, the moon, and the sun appear to move from east to west across Earth’s sky. (apparent motion)
Earth is actually turning from the west to east.
Earth rotation

10. Seasonal Changes
Constellations vary from season to season depending on where earth is on its orbit around the sun.
Each night the position of stars shifts slightly to the west.
Planets all orbit the sun in about the same plane
They appear to move through the zodiac, a narrow band in the sky

11. The Sky From Earth Opposite Motions
Where would the mountain appear at each time shown?

12. Chapter 6 Lesson 2: Earth in Space
Objectives:
Demonstrate how Earth moves
Explain what causes the cycle of seasons on Earth

13. How Does Earth Move?
The earth moves in space in two major ways: rotation and revolution.

14. Rotation
Earth's Rotation
In which direction does the Earth rotate?

15. Rotation
The spinning of the Earth along its AXIS is called its ROTATION.
Causes day and night
Each 24 hour ROTATION is called a day

16. Revolution The movement of one object around another
One revolution around the sun is one year
Our path, or ORBIT, around the sun is an ellipse.
Brings the planet closest to the sun in January

17. Calendar Divides time based on the motions of the Earth and moon
System of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of the year
Most commonly divided into:
-years (one revolution)
-months (based on the moon’s cycle ~ 29 days)
-days (one rotation)

18. What Causes Seasons? How Sunlight Hits Earth
near equator, sunlight hits almost overhead
Poles receive sunlight at a steep angle
Earth’s Tilted Axis
Tilted 23.5 degrees from the vertical
Without the tilted axis, there would be no seasons
North Pole will point away for part of the year, and toward the sun for the other part

19. Earth in Space Sunlight on Earth
The diagram shows how Earth’s tilted axis affects the strength of sunlight in different places.

20. Earth in Space
Seasons
The diagram shows how Earth moves during the year.

21. Solstices
Point of the year when the sun appears farthest north and south of the equator
June 21st
-Farthest north
-summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere (longest day of the year)
-winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere (shortest day of the year)
December 21st
-Farthest south
-winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere
-summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere

22. Equinoxes Halfway in between solstices
Neither hemisphere is tilted toward the sun
Noon sun is directly over equator
“equal days, equal nights”-day and night are about 12 hours each
March 21st
Vernal Equinox (Spring) in Northern Hemisphere
September 22nd
Autumnal (Fall) Equinox in Northern Hemisphere

23. Earth in Space Solstices and Equinoxes
The diagrams show the apparent path of the sun at the solstices and equinoxes in the Northern Hemisphere. What is the sun’s path at the equinoxes and the December solstice for the Southern Hemisphere?

24. Earth in Space Calculating Percents
The table shows the number of hours of sunlight in three cities at different times of year.

25. Gravity and Motion Gravity Assists
How does a planet's gravity change the path of a space probe?

26. Gravity and Motion Gravity Assists
How does a planet's gravity change the path of a space probe?
The planet’s gravity pulls the space probe into a new direction.

27. What Determines Gravity?
attracts all objects toward each other
Sir Isaac Newton is credited with this realization
Depends on two factors: masses of the objects and the distance between them
The greater the mass, the greater the force
Weight
1. Measure of force of gravity on an
object
2. Can change depending on location
3. Moon’s gravity is 1/6th of Earth’s
4. Moon has less mass!

28. What Determines Gravity?
f. Force of gravity between two objects decreases as the distance between the objects increases. (As objects get further away from each other, the gravity decreases)

29. Gravity and Motion Orbital Motion
How would the moon move if Earth's mass increased?

30. What Keeps Objects in Orbit?
Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion
An object in motion stays in motion
An object at rest stays at rest
unless acted upon by an outside force

33. What Keeps Objects in Orbit?
Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion
An object in motion stays in motion
An object at rest stays at rest
unless acted upon by an outside force
The more mass an object has, the greater the inertia.
The greater the inertia, the harder the object is to start or stop.
Inertia and gravity combine to:
keep Earth in orbit around the sun
Keep the moon in orbit around the Earth

35. Gravity and Motion Gravity Versus Distance
As a rocket leaves a planet’s surface, the force of gravity between the rocket and the planet changes.

36. Chapter 6 Lesson 4: Phases and Eclipses
Objectives:
Explain what cases the phases of the moon
Describe solar and lunar eclipses

37. What Causes the Moon’s Phases?
The motions of the moon around the earth
The relative positions of the moon, Earth, and sun change, causing the phases of the moon.
Depends on how much of the sunlight side of the moon faces Earth
8 phases
One lunar cycle is 29.5 days

38. Phases and Eclipses The Moon’s Motion
Where would the moon's face appear in each view in this diagram that shows the moon's rotation and revolution?

39. Phases and Eclipses Moon Phases
As the moon orbits Earth, its sunlit side is seen from different angles.

40. History Channel: Moon

41. What Are Eclipses? Solar Eclipse New Moon
Moon passes directly between the Earth and the sun

42. What Are Eclipses? Solar Eclipse New Moon
Moon passes directly between the Earth and the sun
Sun
sunlight
Earth
Moon
umbra
sunlight

43. What Are Eclipses? Lunar Eclipse Full Moon
Earth is directly between the moon and the sun
Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon
Sun
sunlight
Earth
Moon
umbra
sunlight

44. Phases and Eclipses Solar Eclipse
The diagram shows the moon’s penumbra and umbra during an eclipse.

45. Phases and Eclipses Lunar Eclipse
As the moon moves through Earth’s shadow, total and partial eclipses occur.

46. Phases and Eclipses Seasons and Shadows
Identify what season it is in the Northern Hemisphere, what the phase of the moon is, and what kind of eclipse, if any, could occur.

47. Tides
Tide Cycle
Tides are caused mainly by differences in how much gravity from the moon and the sun pulls on different parts of Earth.

48. Tides
The Sun’s Role
Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the heights of the tides during a month. What is the position of the moon and where are the tide bulges at third quarter?

49. Tides High and Low Tides
The table shows high and low tides at four times in May 2008, in St. John, New Brunswick.

50. Earth’s Moon Galileo Galilei
Galileo invented the telescope in 1609 and used it to view the moon's surface.

51. Earth’s Moon
Different Worlds
Compare and contrast Earth and the moon.

52. Earth’s Moon
Going to the Moon
What would you pack?

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