1. Chapter 14: The Motions of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon

2. 14-1: Motions of Earth
Revolution movement of a planet or other body around another body
All planets revolve around the Sun
Earth revolves around the Sun every 365 ¼ days or 1 year

3. 14-1: Motions of Earth
Rotation spinning of a planet or other body on its axis
Earth rotates west to east
Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours or 1 day

4. 14-1: Motions of Earth
Axis imaginary line through the center of a planet or other body around which it spins
Earth is tilted 23 ½ ° on its axis

5. 14-2 Time Zones
Solar Noon time of day when the sun is highest in the sky
There are 24 times zones in the world
Each time zone is 15° wide

6. 14-2 Time Zones U.S. has 8 time zones total 4 for the continental U.S.
Pacific, Mountain, Central, & Eastern

7. 14-2 Time Zones As you go west, you lose time
As you go east, you gain time
International Date Line boundary where each new day starts

8. 14-3 Seasons Seasons are caused by Tilt of the Earth
Movement around the Sun
Angle which the Sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface

9. 14-3 Seasons Summer = tilted towards Sun; more direct rays
Winter = tilted away from Sun; more indirect rays
Winter in N. Hemisphere = Summer in S. Hemisphere

11. 14.4 Solstices & Equinoxes
Distance btw Earth & Sun change throughout the year
Seasons do not depend on distance from Sun

12. 14.4 Solstices & Equinoxes
Perihelion closest point to Sun (happens in January)
Earth is 147 million km from Sun
aphelion farthest point to Sun (happens in July)
Earth is 152 million km from Sun

13. 14.4 Solstices & Equinoxes
Solstice the beginning of summer and winter
1 Pole has 24 hours of daylight, the other Pole has 24 hours of darkness
Summer Solstice is on or about June 21; N. Pole light, S. Pole dark
Winter Solstice is on or about December 21; N. Pole dark, S. Pole light

14. 14.4 Solstices & Equinoxes
Equinox the Sun is directly over the equator at solar noon; the beginning of spring & fall
12 hrs. of light/12 hrs. of dark
Vernal (spring) equinox is around March 21
Autumnal (fall) equinox is around September 21

15. 14-5 Motion of moon Moon revolves around Earth every 27 1/3 days
Moon 3,500 km/hr
Moon rotates on its axis every 27 1/3 days

16. 14-5 Motion of moon Apogee moon farthest from Earth
Perigee moon closest to Earth

17. 14-5 Motion of moon
When Earth, Moon, Sun line up in their orbits & all 3 gravities are working together = really high tides and really low tides. This is a Spring Tide.
Happens twice a month

18. 14-5 Motion of moon
When Moon & Sun at right angles & gravities working against each other = no high or low tides. This is a Neap Tide.
Happens twice a month

21. 14-5 Motion of moon Moon appears to rise in east and set in west
Moon comes into view at moonrise 50 minutes later each day

22. 14-6 Phases of the Moon
Moon appears to change shape because of the way it reflects light from the Sun
Phases depend on the position of the Sun, Moon, & Earth
Moon takes 29 ½ days to go through all phases

23. 14-6 Phases of the Moon Waxing increasing in light New Moon no light
Waxing Crescent1/4 right side lit
1st Quarter right 1/2 lit
Waxing Gibbous 3/4 right side lit

24. 14-6 Phases of the Moon Waning decreasing in light
Full Moon all light
Waning Gibbous 3/4 left side lit
3rd Quarter left 1/2 lit
Waning Crescent left 1/4 lit

26. 14-7 Lunar eclipses Umbra center, dark part of a shadow
Penumbra outside, lighter part of a shadow

27. 14-7 Lunar eclipses
Lunar Eclipse when the moon passes directly through Earth’s shadow
Can only occur during a full moon

29. 14-7 Lunar eclipses
Total Lunar Eclipse when the moon moves entirely into Earth’s umbra; all sunlight is blocked = moon entirely dark
Total lunar eclipse is rare & don’t happen regularly

30. 14-7 Lunar eclipses
Partial Lunar Eclipse only part of the moon moves into Earth’s umbra; some sunlight is blocked = part of moon dark

31. 14-8 Solar eclipses
Solar Eclipse when the moon passes directly btw Earth & Sun
Most of Sun’s surface is blacked out & we see the corona

33. 14-8 Solar eclipses
Total Solar Eclipse entire face of Sun blocked by moon
seen in small area of world
Partial Solar Eclipse only part of the face of the Sun is blocked
seen over a larger area