1. ChaptDiscussion QuestionDiscussant 1Discussant 2Discussant 3 5 1 Name the ways individuals from WEIRD and NON- WEIRD cultures are different? Thanh-ThaoAndy 2 What does Shweder mean when he say “we are multiple from the start”? JuliannClemente 6 3 Haidt, following Shweder, says “moral monism leads to societies that are unsatisfying to most people and at high risk of becoming inhumane”. Why does he say this? Do you think he’s right? ErinIn Kee 4 What’s an ad hominem argument? Does Haidt make one here (or come close to it)? JessicaAnne Lise 5 How are Systemizers and Empathizers different?NguyenTatianaErika 6 What is Bentham’s principle of utility? What is a consequentialist? CharlesGoEunMaleny 7 What is Kant’s categorical imperative? What are deontological ethics? VikkiC.J. 8 What is Moral Foundations Theory?JasmineMeganKevin 9 How are moral modules like taste receptors? What’s the difference between original and current triggers? NoralieAdelle 10 Describe the five moral foundations.AdamMattPatricia

2. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality Haidt tells the dead chicken story and then asks “Can you tell me why that was wrong?” Customer at McDonald’s (after a long pause): “You mean you don’t know why it’s wrong to do that to a dead chicken? I have to explain this to you? What planet are you from?” Penn students typically judged the behavior in this story as ok (if strange): “It’s his chicken, he’s eating it, nobody is getting hurt”. WEIRD cultures: Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic. The WEIRDer you are the more you see a world full of separate objects, rather than relationships. Similar to Shweder’s distinction of sociocentric vs. individualistic cultures.

3. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality WEIRDNON-WEIRD IndividualisticSociocentric AutonomyInterdependency “I am…happy, outgoing, interested in jazz…” a son, a husband, an employee of…” AnalyticHolistic PhilosophersKant, MillDurkheim (Chapt 8) PsychologistsKohlberg, TurielShweder Predominant moral concern Harm & fairness More than harm & fairness: community, divinity

4. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality Shweder: “Yet the conceptions held by others are available to us, in the sense that when we truly understand their conception of things we come to recognize possibilities latent within our own rationality... and those ways of conceiving of things become salient for us for the first time, or once again. In other words, there is no homogenous ‘backcloth’ to our world. We are multiple from the start.”

5. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality AutonomyCommunityDivinity People are first & foremost: Autonomous individuals with wants, needs, etc Members of larger entities (families, teams, armies, comparnies, tribes, nations) Temporary vessels in which a divine soul has been implanted Obligation (To thine own self be true) To play your particular role in larger entity Body is a temple, not a playground Key concepts rights, liberty, justice (also harm/care) duty, hierarchy, respect, reputation, patriotism sanctity & sin, purity &pollution, elevation & degradation Shweder’s Theory of Morality

6. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality Haidt: “Our minds have the potential to become righteous about many different concerns, and only a few of these concerns are activated during childhood. Other potential concerns are left undeveloped and unconnected to the web of shared meanings and values that become our adult moral matrix. If you grow up in a WEIRD society, you become so well educated in the ethic of autonomy that you can detect oppression and inequality even where the apparent victims see nothing wrong... Conversely, if you are raised in a more traditional society, or within an evangelical Christian household in the U.S., you becomes so well educated in the ethics of community and divinity that you can detect disrespect and degradation even where the apparent victims see nothing wrong...” [may be]

7. Part II. There’s More to Morality than Harm and Fairness Chapt 5. Beyond WEIRD Morality Coming up: Catalog of moral intuitions (more than harm and fairness) How a small set of innate and universal moral foundations can be used to construct a great variety of moral matrices Tools for understanding moral arguments emanating from matrices that are not your own