1. Technical Solutions for NEMO PROJECT R. Papaleo Villa OLMO, 15-19 October 2001

2. The detection of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin is one of the major challenges for coming years in astroparticle physics. It is widely accepted that only a underwater cherenkov detector of 1 km3 scale could identify the astrophysical sources of these neutrinos. The NEMO Collaborations has carried out in the past three years an R&D project aimed at: 1.Selection and characterization of an deep sea site for the deployment of the km3 detector in the Mediterranean Sea. 2.A feasibility study for the km3 detector in cooperation with leading companies in submarine and engineering and operations. We have evaluated several solution for: Layout of the telescope Mechanical structure Data transmission system Power distribution Deployment of the telescope

3. INFN: Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, LNF, LNS, Messina, Roma CNR: Istituto di Oceanografia Fisica di La Spezia Istituto di Biologia del Mare di Venezia Istituto Talassografico di Messina Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale Marina Militare Italiana Fondazione Ugo Bordoni Università: Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, Messina, Roma La Sapienza NEMO Collaboration List R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

4. Sites studied by the NEMO collaboration: 35 50 N, 16 10 E (3350m) Mar Jonio (Capo Passero) 39 05 N, 13 20 E (3400m) Mar Tirreno (Ustica)) 39 05 N, 14 20 E (3400m) Mar Tirreno (Alicudi) 40 40 N, 12 45 E (3500m) Mar Tirreno (Ponza) R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

5. 100 Km Three sites explored KM2 36°10 N 16°19E, depth 3350m KM3 36°30 N 15°50E, depth 3345m KM4 36°19N, 16°04E, depth 3341m KM3 KM2 KM4 The Capo Passero region R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

6. The preliminary results show that Capo Passero site has all the required characteristics for the installation of a km 3 detector: it is close to the coast (~ 80 km) depth it is ~ 3300 m the measured currents intensities are low and regular (<10 cm/s) the light transmission length is ~60 m the biological activity and the sedimentation rate are low it is close to existing infrastructure (LNS-INFN) Summary of NEMO deep sea exploration R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

7. NEMO PROJECT SHORE STATION ELECTRO OPTICAL CABLE R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

8. 64STRINGS and/or TOWERS 64STRINGS and/or TOWERS 8ROWS 8ROWS 8COLUMNS 8COLUMNS 200mDistance between ROWS 200mDistance between ROWS 200mDistance between COLUMNS 200mDistance between COLUMNS 8JUNCTION BOXES 8JUNCTION BOXES 8BRANCHING UNITS 8BRANCHING UNITS 100 kmELECTRO OPTICAL CABLE FROM SHORE 100 kmELECTRO OPTICAL CABLE FROM SHORE 4096OPTICAL MODULES 4096OPTICAL MODULES Layout Upper View R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

9. Electro Optical Cable Nexans Nexans is a leading company in the field of telecom underwater cables. Main characteristics of the EOC: Length100 km Power load80 kW Optical fibers48 They have evaluated different solutions (mechanical and electrical aspects, complete cable designs, cable cost,manufacture time,..): AC voltage DC voltage – monopolar system (sea return) DC voltage – bipolar system (cable return) In order to make a qualified decision of what power system to implement for the NEMO project, It is necessary to perform an evaluation of the complete power system, including cable, transformers, AC/DC converters, rectifiers, the required voltage stability, etc … AC voltage DC voltage – bipolar system Electrical wire Optical fibers R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

10. String Jumper JB - String Jumper JB - JB Jumper JB - BU Branching unit Length of the connection cables JB - string 100 m100 m 300 m300 m 500 m500 m 700 m700 m NEMO structure Connections Branching unitJunction Box View of a telescope row R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

11. Ocean Design Ocean Design is a leading company in the manufacture of underwater wet matable connectors, JB – JB jumper and JB – BU jumpers. Wet-mateable hybrid [optical / electrical] Mate up to 8 optical fibers and/or electrical circuits underwater. Available in ROV, manual and stab-plate versions with single and/or multi- mode optical fiber. In a single connector, multiple channels allow for higher fiber count, maintenance flexibility and expansion. Specification 100 mate cycles without refurbishment100 mate cycles without refurbishment < 0.5 dB attenuation/optical contact< 0.5 dB attenuation/optical contact 10 amps at 1,000 volts electrical circuit10 amps at 1,000 volts electrical circuit 10,000 psi operation,10,000 psi operation, 80 lbs mating force for ROV format80 lbs mating force for ROV format Underwater Connectors and Jumpers R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

12. 750 m 150 m Height 750 m Planes number 16 Distance between the string base and the first plane 150 m Distance between planes 40 m Optical module for plane 4 Total number of optical modules in a string 64 MaterialTi STRING a la ANTARES String base Optical Module Frame R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

13. Total height 750 m Number of planes 16 Distance between the BSS and the first plane 150 m Plane length 20 m Distance between planes 40 m Optical modules in each plane 4 Optical modules in each tower 64 Material Ti or composite Optical Module Electronic module Electro optical cable Beam 750 m TOWER a la NEMO R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

14. G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo It has been evaluated, in collaboration with the University of Catania – Research Group of Electric System, different solutions for the power distribution: 1. Single cable JB-tower base, single cable tower base- tower plane (1JB-1TP); 2. Single cable JB-tower base, single cable tower base- tower plane with transformer at the tower base (1JB-TR-1TP) ; 3. Single cable JB-tower base, 16 cables tower base – tower plane (1JB-16TP); 4. Single cable JB-tower base, 16 cables tower base – tower plane (1JB-16TP), with transformer (1JB-TR-16TP). Gruppo di Ricerca di Sistemi Elettrici per lEnergia Università degli Studi di Catania POWER DISTRIBUTION

15. CASO 1JB-1PT LOAD 1 LOAD 2 JB LOAD 0 LOAD 16 = = = = Base of the tower Tower plane Junction box 1JB-TR-1PT JB LOAD 1 LOAD 2 LOAD 0 LOAD 16 = = = = Transformer ROV Connector Gruppo di Ricerca di Sistemi Elettrici per lEnergia Università degli Studi di Catania G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo

16. CASO 1JB-16PT 1JB-TR-16PT JB LOAD 16 = LOAD 2 LOAD 1 = = LOAD 0 = JB LOAD 16 = LOAD 2 LOAD 1 = = LOAD 0 = Gruppo di Ricerca di Sistemi Elettrici per lEnergia Università degli Studi di Catania G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo

17. sensors Centralina PMT = Gruppo di Ricerca di Sistemi Elettrici per lEnergia Università degli Studi di Catania Power load on a tower plane G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo

18. G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo

19. G. Tina R. Cocimano R. Papaleo

20. ALCATEL ALCATEL proposed a data transmission system according to NEMO specifications. Main characteristics : Standard communication system; Redundancy system; High MTBF; High transmission rate (8 output line @ 20 Gbps) Low power consume (< 500 W each string and/or tower) DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM One module for each plane of the string.This Optical Module (S-1.1) will be used as Electrical/Optical converter within the customer equipment in both sides, under sea and in the landing station. STM 1 1660 SM One module for each tower of the detector. Each 1660SM will collect all the data coming from the 16 STM 1 of the string. The module will be closed inside a small Junction Box at the base of the string. R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

21. 64 48 32 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 1 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 64 16xSTM-1 64xSTM-16 Spare 64xSTM-16 Main 48 32 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 157 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 1 1660SM – string and/or tower 1686WM – junction box TRANSMISSIOM SYSTEM Underwater detector station Note: Redundancy system;Redundancy system; Auto configuration of the system in case of malfunctions;Auto configuration of the system in case of malfunctions; The Sea station is the specular of the Landing station.The Sea station is the specular of the Landing station. The 1686WM equipments are used to concentrate 16xSTM- 16 channel to one lambda (DWDM technology). 4x1686WM are necessary to carry the main traffic and other four to carry the protection. R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

22. Main Spare 1660SM 1686WM 100 Km. STM-1 SHORE Ring Structure NEMO TRANSMISSIOM SYSTEM General Scheme R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

23. Landing Station From Sea 8x1686WM ( they are the equivalent of the 8 junction Boxes) 64x1660SM (they are the equivalent of the 64 strings and/or towers of the telescope) 1024xSTM-1 NMS TRANSMISSIOM SYSTEM LANDING station (they are the equivalent of the 1024 planes of the telescope) R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

24. Catania TEST SITE LAB at Port of Catania LNS Port Test site Laboratory R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

25. LABORATORY UNDERWATERSTATION TEST SITE LAB at Port of Catania R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001 Long term tests for: underwater connections, electronics, mechanical structures, optical and acoustic detectors. Multidisciplinary laboratory GEOSTAR – POSEIDON on line underwater seismic station

26. LABORATORY at the PORT of CATANIA R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

27. Cable Entrance R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001 LABORATORY at the PORT of CATANIA

28. Cable features: 10 Optics Fiber standard ITU- T G-652 6 Electrical Conductors 4 mm 2 TEST SITE CABLE LAYOUT 2.330 m of Double Armed Cable 20.595 m of Single Armed Cable JBBU JB Drop cable 2 - 5.220 m Drop cable 1 - 5.000 m R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

29. BRANCHING UNIT R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

30. CABLE IN THE VESSEL ON THE SHIP R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

31. Cable on the ship Deployment of a joint Fiber optic connectionsElectric connections R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

32. Deployment of the branching unit LNS Cable GEOSTAR Cable R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001

33. Deployment of the joint of the main cableBuoys on the cable Shielded cable R. Papaleo Villa Olmo – October 15-19, 2001