1. Stage 23/24

2.  The Subjunctive is one of the three different moods a Latin verb can take.  The two other moods are the Indicative and the Imperative.  The subjunctive is perhaps the most common and also most difficult to grasp, and there is a great number of different subjunctive uses

3.  Each Mood has its own distinct purpose: Imperative Mood is used for direct commands Indicative Mood is used for things that actually happened The Subjunctive Mood is used for things that might happen or haven’t happened yet.

4.  When a sentence begins with CUM and has a subjunctive verb in it we call this a CUM clause.  CUM in this case is translated as “when” (although it can have other uses you will learn later)  This formal name for this is a CUM TEMPORAL clause

5.  Different Moods have different strengths: Imperative is the strongest mood, it is always the main verb. Indicative is the next strongest, it is the main verb as long as there is not an imperative in the sentence. Subjunctive is the weakest mood: it is rarely the main verb

6.  The imperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings (-m, -s, -t, - mus, -tis, -nt) to the present infinitive (often the second principal part).  The pluperfect subjunctive is formed by adding the personal endings to the perfect infinitive (3 rd pp + isse)

7.  For voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum the imperfect subjunctives are formed thus: Vocare-m vocare-mus Vocare-s vocare-tis Vocare-t vocare-nt And are translated “When _____ was/were calling”

8.  For voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum the pluperfect subjunctives are formed thus: Vocav-isse-m Vocav-isse-mus Vocav-isse-s Vocav-isse-tis Vocav-isse-t Vocav-isse-nt And are translated “when _____ had called”

9.  Imperfect Subjunctive  MOVEO, MOVERE, MOVI, MOTUS  Pluperfect Subjunctive  AMO, AMARE, AMAVI, AMATUS