1. Orange Group

2. The natural rate of unemployment depends on various features of the labor market. Examples include minimum-wage laws, the market power of unions, the role of efficiency wages, and the effectiveness of job search. The inflation rate depends primarily on growth in the quantity of money, controlled by the Fed. Orange Group

3. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. If policymakers expand aggregate demand, they can lower unemployment, but only at the cost of higher inflation. If they contract aggregate demand, they can lower inflation, but at the cost of temporarily higher unemployment. Orange Group

4. 0 Unemployment Rate (percent) Inflation Rate (percent per year) Phillips curve 4 B 6 7 A 2 The Phillips curve illustrates the short-run relationship between inflation and unemployment. Orange Group

5. The Phillips curve shows the short-run combinations of unemployment and inflation that arise as shifts in the aggregate demand curve move the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve. The greater the aggregate demand for goods and services, the greater is the economy ’ s output, and the higher is the overall price level. A higher level of output results in a lower level of unemployment. Orange Group

6. Quantity of Output 0 Short-run aggregate supply The Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Unemployment Rate (percent) 0 Inflation Rate (percent per year) Price Level The Phillips Curve Phillips curve Low aggregate demand High aggregate demand (output is 8,000) B 4 6 (output is 7,500) A 7 2 8,000 (unemployment is 4%) 106 B (unemployment is 7%) 7,500 102 A Orange Group

7. In the 1960s, Friedman and Phelps concluded that inflation and unemployment are unrelated in the long run. As a result, the long-run Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment. Monetary policy could be effective in the short run but not in the long run. Orange Group

8. Unemployment Rate 0Natural rate of unemployment Inflation Rate Long-run Phillips curve B High inflation Low inflation A 2.... but unemployment remains at its natural rate in the long run. 1. When the Fed increases the growth rate of the money supply, the rate of inflation increases... Copyright © 2004 South-Western Orange Group

9. Quantity of Output Natural rate of output Natural rate of unemployment 0 Price Level P Aggregate demand,AD Long-run aggregate supply Long-run Phillips curve The Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Unemployment Rate 0 Inflation Rate The Phillips Curve 2.... raises the price level... 1. An increase in the money supply increases aggregate demand... A AD 2 B A 4.... but leaves output and unemployment at their natural rates. 3.... and increases the inflation rate... P2P2 B Orange Group

10. Expected inflation measures how much people expect the overall price level to change. In the long run, expected inflation adjusts to changes in actual inflation. The Fed ’ s ability to create unexpected inflation exists only in the short run. Once people anticipate inflation, the only way to get unemployment below the natural rate is for actual inflation to be above the anticipated rate. Orange Group

11. Unemployment Rate= Natural Rate of Unemployment- a {Actual Inflation –Expected Inflation} is a parameter that measures how much unemployment responds to unexpected inflation Orange Group

12. Unemployment Rate 0Natural rate of unemployment Inflation Rate Long-run Phillips curve Short-run Phillips curve with high expected inflation Short-run Phillips curve with low expected inflation 1. Expansionary policy moves the economy up along the short-run Phillips curve... 2.... but in the long run, expected inflation rises, and the short-run Phillips curve shifts to the right. C B A Orange Group

13. The short-run Phillips curve also shifts because of shocks to aggregate supply. Major adverse changes in aggregate supply can worsen the short-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. An adverse supply shock gives policymakers a less favorable tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

14. Quantity of Output 0 Price Level Aggregate demand Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Unemployment Rate 0 Inflation Rate The Phillips Curve 3.... and raises the price level... AS 2 Aggregate supply,AS A 1. An adverse shift in aggregate supply... 4.... giving policymakers a less favorable tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. B P2P2 Y2Y2 P A Y Phillips curve,PC 2.... lowers output... PC 2 B Orange Group

15. policy To reduce inflation, the Fed has to pursue contractionary monetary policy. When the Fed slows the rate of money growth, it contracts aggregate demand. This reduces the quantity of goods and services that firms produce. This leads to a rise in unemployment. To reduce inflation, an economy must endure a period of high unemployment and low output. When the Fed combats inflation, the economy moves down the short-run Phillips curve. The economy experiences lower inflation but at the cost of higher unemployment. Orange Group

16. Unemployment Rate 0Natural rate of unemployment Inflation Rate Long-run Phillips curve Short-run Phillips curve with high expected inflation Short-run Phillips curve with low expected inflation 1. Contractionary policy moves the economy down along the short-run Phillips curve... 2.... but in the long run, expected inflation falls, and the short-run Phillips curve shifts to the left. B C A Orange Group

17. The sacrifice ratio is the number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point. An estimate of the sacrifice ratio is five. Orange Group

18. The theory of rational expectations suggests that people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future. Expected inflation explains why there is a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in the short run but not in the long run. How quickly the short-run tradeoff disappears depends on how quickly expectations adjust. The theory of rational expectations suggests that the sacrifice-ratio could be much smaller than estimated. Orange Group