1. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (reciprocating)

2. Geometry

3. Four Stroke Engines

4. Two Stroke Engines

5. For Isentropic Process Air as an ideal gas (room temp.) C p = 1.005 [kJ/kg K] C v = 0.718 [kJ/kg K] R = C p - C v = 0.287 [kJ/kg K] k = (C p / C v ) = 1.4 PV = mRT

6. OTTO CYCLE (Gasoline) 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant volume heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant volume heat rejection q in = (u 3 – u 2 ) = C v (T 3 – T 2 ) [kJ/kg] q out = (u 4 – u 1 ) = C v (T 4 – T 1 ) [kJ/kg] r = (V max / V min ) = (V 1 / V 2 ) MEP = W net / (V max – V min ) [kPa]

7. DIESEL CYCLE (Diesel) 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant volume heat rejection q in = (h 3 – h 2 ) = C p (T 3 – T 2 ) [kJ/kg] q out = (u 4 – u 1 ) = C v (T 4 – T 1 ) [kJ/kg] r = (V max / V min ) = (V 1 / V 2 ) r c = (V 3 / V 2 ) MEP = W net / (V max – V min ) [kPa]

8. DUAL CYCLE 1-2 Isentropic compression 2-X Constant volume heat addition X-3 Constant pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant volume heat rejection q in = (u x – u 2 ) + (h 3 – h x ) = C v (T x – T 2 ) + C p (T 3 – T x ) [kJ/kg] q out = (u 4 – u 1 ) = C v (T 4 – T 1 ) [kJ/kg] r = (V max / V min ) = (V 1 / V 2 ) r c = (V 3 / V x ) MEP = W net / (V max – V min ) [kPa]