1. Lexis and Grammar for Translation Dott. M. Gatto Lingue e Culture per il Turismo Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I

2. New words can be created through INFLECTION > free morpheme + suffix DERIVATION > free morpheme + affix COMPUNDING > free morpheme + free morpheme

3. WORD FORMATION COMPOUNDING > package holiday CONVERSION > progress (N)/to progress (V) BLENDING > motor + hotel > motel ACRONYMS > laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) BACKFORMATION > to babysit babysitter CLIPPING > bus (omnibus), fax (facsimile)… BORROWING > pasta, shampoo, zebra…

4. One way of imposing order on the thousands of lexemes that make up the English vocabulary is to see lexicon in terms of structure. A well-established model of lexical structure makes us think of words as being related along two intersecting dimensions: HORIZONTAL (i.e. SYNTAGMATIC) VERTICAL (i.e. paradigmatic)

5. In the vocabulary of any language words are linked together into a sort of gigantic spiders web whose organizing principles are SYNTAGMATIC (HORIZONTAL) relations and PARADIGMATIC (VERTICAL) : Sense Relations > paradigmatic: synonymy/antonymy/hyponymy Lexical Relations > syntagmatic : collocation

6. COLLOCATION You shall now a word by the company it keeps… J.R.Firth Collocation can be defined as a friendship between words, i.e. the tendency of words to co-occur in language

7. SPEND MONEY TIME Collocation

8. COLLOCATION

9. Collocation > translation problems lavarsi i denti to brush (NOT wash) ones teeth mangiarsi le unghie to bite (NOT eat) ones nails

10. Translation problems Paesaggi aspri… àspro, a. 1 (di sapore) sour; tart, bitter […]; 2 (di suono) harsh; rasping; grating. 3 (fig. duro) harsh; hard; bitter; 4 (ruvido) rough; rugged […]; 5 (scosceso) steep; 6 (di clima) severe; raw; harsh. (ling.) […] (Il Ragazzini, 1996) harsh landscapes? hard landscapes? rough landscapes? rugged landscapes?

11. Translation problems PAESAGGI SUGGESTIVI

12. COLLOCATES of scenery (from the British National Corpus) WORD # TIMES NEARBY TOTAL IN CORPUS 1 BEAUTIFUL 54 8394 2 SPECTACULAR 40 1929 3 DRAMATIC 27 3817 4 MAGNIFICENT 20 1972 5 BREATHTAKING 19 333 6 STUNNING 16 935 7 COASTAL 15 1425 8 WILD 15 5401 9 GOOD 14 80204 10 WONDERFUL 13 4671 11 ALPINE 10 481 12 SUPERB 10 2063 13 IMPRESSIVE 9 2915 14 FANTASTIC 8 1134 15 BEST 8 34096 16 UNSPOILT 7 184 17 PASSING 7 4648 18 NATIONAL 7 37541 19 MOUNTAINOUS 6 223 20 RUGGED 6 352

13. Translation problems Immersi nella natura… - immeresed in nature? -surrounded by nature?

14. Surrounded by…

16. surrounded by * countryside

17. COMPOUNDS/MULTI-WORD UNITS compounds > word + word (+ word …) -solid -hyphenated -open multi-word units > complete units of meaning which represent single lexical items -idioms -lexical phases

18. COMPOUNDS SOLID > lifeboat, honeymoon, moonlight HYPHENATED > life-threatening, single-handedly OPEN > life jacket, urban tourism, package tour

19. COMPOUNDS disk operating system repetitive strain injury Dutch elm disease anti-lock braking system

20. MULTI-WORD UNITS Idioms > easily recognized because: -you cannot change the order of words -you cannot replace a word -you cannot omit a word -you cannot change grammatical structure

21. Bread and butter I have bread and butter with my soup. (LITERAL) Linguistics is my bread and butter. IDIOM: Bread and butter issues are ones that affect people directly and in a very important way.

22. IDIOMS To buy a pig in apoke The boot is on the other foot Bury the hatchet Between a rock and a hard place On tenterhooks Let the cat out of the bag Bad hair day Hammer and tongs

23. Pig in a poke If someone buys a pig in a poke, they buy something without checking the condition it was in, usually finding out later that it was defective. Boot is on the other foot When the boot's on the other foot, a person who was in a position of weakness is now in a position of strength.

24. Bury the hatchet If you bury the hatchet, you make peace with someone and stop arguing or fighting. Bury the hatchet Between a rock and a hard place If you are caught between a rock and a hard place, you are in a position where you have to choose between unpleasant alternatives, and your choice might cause you problems; you will not be able to satisfy everyone. Between a rock and a hard place

25. On tenterhooks This means that she is waiting impatiently and excitedly for something On tenterhooks Let the cat out of the bag If you accidentally reveal a secret, you let the cat out of the bag. Let the cat out of the bag Bad hair day If you're having a bad hair day, things are not going the way you would like or had planned. Bad hair day

26. Hammer and tongs If people are going at it hammer and tongs, they are arguing fiercely. The idiom can also be used when people are doing something energetically. Hammer and tongs

27. Lexical phrases By the way Again and again As far as I With reference to To all intents and purposes

28. LIBERO COME UN FRINGUELLO CIECO COME UNA TALPA UN MARE DI VOLTE/MIGLIAIA DI VOLTE SANI E SALVI SANO COME UN PESCE GIRARE A VUOTO DI TANTO IN TANTO

29. To sum up… THE LEXICAL SYSTEM WORDS SENSE RELATIONS LEXICAL RELATIONS MULTI-WORD UNITS … and WORD CLASSES!

30. More about affixes at: http://www.affixes.org More about idioms at http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms