1. Reforms of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Higher Education Marina M. Lebedeva MGIMO-University 2014

2. ​ Reforms started in the field of higher education in 1990s –Development universities in Russian regions –New textbooks in the field of social science –New fields of education (PR, political science, IR) 2000s ​ First stage: Russia jointed Bologna Process (2003) ( a lot of discussions) – Pluses: Internationalization of Russian higher education ​ 3 levels system of degrees were implemented Double degree diplomas Mobility (but mainly from Russia to Europe) – Minuses: Just European part of Russia is in the Area Clasterization of the universities - Successful universities (are in the Area), unsuccessful universities (are out of the Area) Second stage: (Second half of 2000) Reform of Higher Education

3. Clasterization of universities – ​ Federal universities, national research universities ​ To attract of foreign students – Documents The Concept of Export of Educational Services of the Russian Federation for the period 2011 - 2020 – A special attention to students from CIS 2004/2005: CIS – 36.6%; Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America – 52% Concept of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education for foreign countries (2002): ‘Russia as a major educational center in the CIS’ ​ In 2011/2012 academic year Russian government granted 40.9% of scholarships for students from CIS (different numbers: MEdu: 43 860 students from CIS; M Intern. Aff: 3 122) Network university of CIS and SCO Scientific work of students and teachers – Research universities – Grants for projects which involves students (Ministry of Education and Science) Reform of Higher Education: Second Stage

4. ​ Slow departure from Bologna Process (problem of Bologna process) Creation Russian center for education of CIS students Support of ‘strong universities’ with good scientific schools The Results of Reforms in Russia

5. If Russia Needs Reforms of Science? Two approaches: –of Russian science has a good quality. We need just improvements. We need to keep Russian traditions – We need radical reforms What has to be reformed? Two key issues: – Financing system – Management system

6. Financing: How it Worked in the Past? 1. Financing – Budget financing. Lack of finance – RAS was owner of property with good location. Most part of property was for rent out Results: minimum wage but for everybody 2. Projects and Grants (some scholars). New Reality which started from 1990s – Foreign Foundations – ​ Russian Foundations

7. Promises of Increasing of Financing V.Putin in 2013: – Until 2020: 834 billions rubles for fundamental studies – 2014-2016: 48 billions rubles will be transfer to Russian Science Foundation

8. Management in the Past In the past: separation science and education Institutes of RAS decided by themselves regarding scientific projects, scientific approaches etc.

9. ​ Russian Foundations were established –Russian Science Foundation (2014) University on the basis of RAS was created Now many scholars of RAS teach at Russian universities Scientometric indicators were created (e- library - http://elibrary.ru/defaultx.asp)- http://elibrary.ru/defaultx.a Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations was founded (http://fano.gov.ru/ru/) – The Head – Mr Kotyukov (the most controversial aspect of reform). (http://fano.gov.ru/r What Has Been Done

10. ​ The common tendencies in reforms in the higher education and in science: – From social-democratic model to neoliberal model: To support the strongest (departure from social orientation) Clasterization – Attention to Russian centers and Russia as CIS center – ​ Centralization of management and finance Conclusion

12. Different states – different vectors – Baltic states – Kazakhstan Member of Bologna process Nazarbayev university Possible role of Baltic states – Case of Latvia Member of Bologna process Member of EU Knowledge of Russian language, Russian system of education Vectors and Possibilities in the Field of Higher Education

13. Why the Bologna Process and EHEA were needed In 1990s Europe was behind other regions in using technical innovations (USA, Japan, SA) European unified economy needed a harmonized higher education area Europe lost its first position in education (the number of European students studying in the USA exceeded the number of American students studying in Europe) Higher education is a part of cultural tradition in Europe