1. Before the Arcades The first electronic games were played at military bases and universities. Big Stock Photo

2. Before the Arcades Military Bases Electromechanical games were provided for the recruits to escape from rigors of basic training Two Industries Developed simultaneously in the 1950’s 1951 (Marty Bromley) who managed game rooms at Military bases in Hawaii Launced SEGA (abbreviation for Service GAmes.). This segment of the industry grew into coin-op video game industry that boomed in the 1970’s Other segment begin with mainframe computers developed by faculty and students at universities Relieve boredom during breaks Video Game term The term “video game” came out of the arcade business and moved toward the home console game businesses.

3. Arcade Phenomenon Arcades Public first introduced to electronic games (not from consoles, or pc) through public arcades. Often located in small amusement parks As they became more popular, locations changed near schools and residential areas SEGA 1956 after Marty Bromley started Sega, Rosen Enterprises David Rosen began importing coin-operated electromechanical games to Japan Becoming country's largest amusement company In 1964, Rosen Enterprises merged with SEGA to from Sega Enterprises Sega Enterprises launched first Japanese export (Periscope) into the US Due to high shipping costs US arcade owners charged $.25 cents to play the game Setting a standard for future arcade games Sega was purchased by gulf & Western in 1969, but David Rosen and Isao Okawa bought it back in 1984 for $38 million!!!!!!

4. The Arcade Phenomenon Computer Space JN

5. Computer Space In 1961 MIT student Steve Russell developed Spacewar---first interactive computer game Atari founder (Nolan Bushnell) brought it to a larger market by adapting it into a stand-alone arcade coin- op game. He called it Computer Space Game was simply trying to shoot a flying saucer and wasn’t as compelling as a pinball game (sales reflected this). However…this was the start of coin-op video arcade ATARI After Computer Space, Bushnell left Nutting Associates to start Atari with partner Ted Dabney. (Atari is from the board game GO and means roughly, “Look Out! I’m about to make a move dangerous to you…similar “check” in chess) Became the most prolific presence in the arcade business---games such as Asteroids (first blockbuster video game) Atari was purchased by Warner Communications in 1976 and spent more energy on business affairs and marketing rather than design and development Atari was concerned with growth of console and personal computing industries Shifted its focus from arcade toward consoles (VCS/2600). 1984 Atari sold to Commodore, who sold to JTS, who then filed for bankruptcy in 1999 and sold to Hasbro Interactive Revived when Inforgrames took over Hasbro in 2000 and finalized purchase of Atari in 2008. Nolan Bushnell came full circle in April 2010 as a member of board of directors.

6. The Arcade Phenomenon Pong The Arcade Phenomenon Asteriods The Arcade Phenomenon Galaxian Atari founder---Nolan Bushnell opened a string of pizza parlors initially known as Time Theater. Eventually, becoming Chuck E. Cheese. In an attempt to remove the stigma associated with public’s idea of arcades to create a family experience.

7. Pong Appeared in 1958 and became the first memorable and controversial electronic game Table tennis-style game Ralph Baer of Sanders Associates began researching ideas for an interactive “table tennis” television system He patented his idea in 1968, and Magnavox licenses it from him in 1970 Magnavox Odyssey interactive game console featured his game in 1972. First ATARI game (Pong) was released same year. Controller had two-direction rotary dial, and rules were pretty simple. Avoid missing ball Pong soon became the first successful coin-op arcade game. Magnavox sued Atari that same year, claiming Bushnell had stolen the idea (case settled out of court) Side Note : Ralph Baer created Simon (musical memory game) released by Milton Bradely in 1977. he also invented first light-gun game. Asteroids Space Invaders (1978) was first arcade game that recorded high scores, Asteroids (1979) was the first to allow players to enter their initials into a high score table. Utilized monochrome vector graphics, which allowed the game to display fast-moving objects made up of very sharp lines instead of the crude pixel graphics that were common Vector graphic's would later come back as polygons----and 3D games!) Galaxian Bally/Midway imported some of the “slide and shoot” games to video arcades. Galaxian was the first video game with a full color monitor….had several sequels.

8. Violence Reported In 1976 the first public controversy over video game violence occurred in response to the Exidy Games release of Death Race. Players drove over “stick figures” that represented pedestrians (compare to Grand Theft Auto series) ActTiVision Was the first third-party game publisher and established in 1980 by Atari programmers The name was specifically chosen because it came before “Atari” alphabetically Pac-Man In 1980 Namco release Pac-Man and appealed to much wider market because it did away with the “shooting” theme that most other games used. Controller consisted only of a multi-directional joystick Developed primarily by Namco employee Toru Iwatani over a period of 18 months. Sold over 300,000 units worldwide (most popular arcade game of all time) Spawned an even more popular Ms. Pac Man (first game to star a female character) Centipede Released by Atari in 1981 it was the first arcade game co-designed by a woman. Dona Bailey and Ed Logg. The goal of shooting quickly moving centipedes as they appeared at the top of the screen and tried to snake down. Each time a segment was hit, it turned into a mushroom.

9. The Arcade Phenomenon Pac-Man The Arcade Phenomenon Donkey Kong

10. Donkey Kong In 1977 Shigeru Miyamoto was hired as Nintendo’s first staff artist. Nintendo made its phenomenal entry into the U.S. market with Donkey King Mario (originally called Jumpman) was a heroic carpenter whose goal was to rescue his girlfriend Due to success sequels were created Donkey Kong Junior (switched roles of Mario and ape) 1983 (Mario Bros) was released. Mario was no longer a carpenter, but a plumber. He and brother (Luigi) fought their battles through sewers. Miyamoto went onto to develop a series of Mario titles. In fact, each time a new game system is introduced by Nintendo) Miyamoto designs a Mario game as its flagship title. Has also created Zelda, Star Fox, Pikmin, and Metroid Prime. Gorilla in original game was “stubborn” the creator wanted to call game Stubborn Gorilla. Basked on English translation Miyamoto found that “donkey” could represent stubbornness and king could represent a gorilla. Tron Release in 1982 by Bally Midway. First video arcade game to be licensed from a film studio. Tron

11. Pole Position In 1982 Namco release Pole Position---which pioneered the “chase-cam” and became the first wildly successful driving game. One of these games was in a break room at recording studio in Los Angeles. During breaks from recording, famous bands and artists would play the game and always putting a quarter in the slot per play. The owner had deactivated the coin box control….the staff knew and didn’t tell anyone Everyone few months they used the quarters to pay for a big company dinner (thanks to the client’s video game addiction)

12. Console Games Atari VCS/2600 Console Games Mattel Intellivision Console Games ColecoVision

13. Birth of Console Games The high price tag on standalone arcade machines made it impossible for all but the wealthiest consumers to own them Video game arcades begin moving into the home as game consoles because it became clear that selling directly to consumer could expand the industry from just arcade play Atari VCS/2600 In 1977 was released and kept the price of the hardware low and made most of its money from the game titles it developed for the console Most famous game was Space Invaders Less successful follow-up in 1982 with 5200 and 1984 with 7800 “Easter Egg” The first video game “in joke” (known as an “Easter Egg”) was programmed by Warren Robinett in the VCS game Adventure The hidden information was Robinett’s credit, which symbolized the need for game developers to get the credit they deserved for their work. He made one pixel on a wall in a room active Which linked to a hidden room containing his credit When this was discovered by a teenager—he wrote an excited letter to Atari. Other developers were inspired to hide their names and other messages in games

14. Mattel Intellivision Two years after Atari release Mattel released a superior and more expensive console system known as Intellivision. No joystick like Atari, but equipped with an “intelligent” controller consisting of a keypad and a movement disk (trac pad) 1984 Mattel Electronics was shut down/sold after heavy losses and renamed Intellivision Inc. 1977 Mattel also launched the handheld game industry by releasing a series of LED (light emitting diode) based portable games. Unlike cartridge based handhelds---these only contained 1 game. If you wanted a different game, you had to buy another portable (were inexpensive) ColecoVision Contained mushroom like joystick controllers and superb graphics Combined best of Intellivision and Atari 2600 to set standard for reproducing the arcade experience at home Donkey Kong was included with every ColecoVision 1970’s and 1980’s Coleco released some of the most memorable handheld games (Frogger, Galaxian, and Zaxxon) Mini-arcade games were cleverly designed to emulate the look and fee of real stand along games down to the cabinet and joystick controller

15. The Video Game Slump & a New Golden Age Nintendo NESGame Boy Nintendo

16. 1980’s Several things have been attributed to the video game industry slump Temporary decline possible and platform and titles introduced were just not revolutionary enough to reverse it Oversupply might have been the case Over 50 software companies produced cartridges, saturating market with titles Lack of innovation and low quality games Market conditions forced the price of games to be lowered to $5 to stay competitive Many developers were concerned home computers would take over Nintendo—brings new life 1985 Nintendo breathed new life into the console business and also ended the arcade business with the NES This was far superior all previous consoles and had titles such as Punch Out, Mario Bros. and Legend of Zelda Release of improved Super NES in 1991 solidified Nintendo’s presence in the marketplace. 1992 released Super Mario 3…..the most successful non-bundled game cartridge of all time The NES became so successful that former leader Atari established Tengen (subsidiary) that focused on developing games for the NES Soon Tengen discovered a way to bypass Nintendo's “lockout chip” and produced NES compatible games without Nintendo’s approval.

17. Nintendo—brings new life Tengen bought rights to Tetris from a company that didn’t own the rights. Nintendo, which had acquired the legitimate rights to the game released it under its own label. In 1989 Nintendo revolutionized the industry with Game Boy (portable) Flagship game called Tetris Then game boy color (1988) Game boy advance (2001) Game boy advance sp (2003) Resembled miniature laptop Game boy micro (2005) DS series (2004) Tetris Originated in Russia around 1985 and was never patented. Intellectual rights were not established in the former Soviet Union for private individuals Tiger In 1997 Tiger released a monochrome handled system called “game.com” to compete with Gameboy. No special purpose game system, included solitaire, calculator, personal contacts database, and calendar. Also, included stylus and touch screen and could hook up to standard modem for email.

18. Sega Sega released Sega Master System, Genesis, Saturn, and Dreamcasts. 1991 Sega reinvented itself with Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic was so successful that it became Sega’s mascot and challenger to Mario Gave Nintendo 55% of the 16 bit market Video Game violence (page 21)

19. The Personal Computer Revolution Mainframes & Text Adventures Colossal Cave Will Crowther

20. The Personal Computer Revolution Apple II The Personal Computer Revolution Commodore 64

21. Colossal Cave Author Jeannie Novak’s father was a mathematician for a defense contractor Brought his work home, including a terminal with a 300-baud modem 100 times slower than sluggish modern dial-up connection Playing Colossal Cave involved using two-word commands such as “go west” and “get inventory” Very addictive even with the simplistic game Richard Greenblatt’s MacHack-6 (1966 ) first computerized chess program to enter a tournament and beat a human player Apple II Steve Wozniak while working at Hewlett-Packard (developed Apple I) was approached by Steve Jobs and they started the first computer system (Apple II) Wozniak implemented the BASIC programming language into the Apple II to develop games. 1984 Apple released the Macintosh 1985 a year later Windows operating system was released Commodore 64 1982 Commodore Computer released Commodore 64 and competed with the more expensive Apple II

22. Multiplayer Meets the Online Elite PLATO Spacewar! Atari Interactive, Inc.

23. Online Gaming Online gaming actually begin decades before the Internet Players had access to technology that was not readily available to the public Public was unaware until 1993 when the world wide web came into consumer use Plato It all started with PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) in 1961 Was intended to be used for research in the area of computer-based education but was turned into a multiplayer game network Spacewar two player version and Star Trek (32 players) 1970’s featured Dungeons and Dragons and Oubliette Beginning of online role-playing games MUDs Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) in 1978. Became part of ARPAnet and computer network Students and researchers connected and focused heavily on social aspects of games Players were able to design their own environments CompuServe First Internet service provider recognized potential of allowing its customers to play games over a public network Customers paid $12.00/hour up to $25-$65/hour for primetime (beginning of commercial online gaming)

24. Multiplayer Meets the Online Elite MUDs MUD1 Dr. Richard Bartle