1. Pad Foundation Lectured by: Ms. Noorhidayah Sunarti
School of Quantity surveying & Construction Management

2. What is Foundation?
Foundation is the element of a structure that serves to support the loads super-imposed to it through the transmitting elements (such as columns).

3. Functions
Prevent settlement (including differential settlement) of a structure
Prevent possible movement of structure due to periodic shrinkage and swelling of subsoil
Allow building over water or water-logged ground
Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind
Resist lateral forces due to soil movement
Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures

4. Classification of Foundation
Foundation in general can be classified into a number of ways, such as:
1. Simple, Shallow and Deep foundation
2. Pad/strip type and piled foundation

5. Examples of shallow foundation

6. Shallow and piled foundation

7. Shallow foundation
This type of foundation usually refers to those being rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and laid less than 3m below ground level.
Common examples include pad, strip or raft foundations.
A combination of two or three type of shallow foundation in one single structure is not uncommon.

8. Types of Shallow Foundation

9. Raft Foundation
Raft foundation is a large combined thick slab designed to seat and support the whole or a large part of a structure.
A raft is usually used when subsoil is weak, or columns are closely located and with deviated loadings.
It also serves as a transfer slab to combine and tie up all the vertical loading elements to the plate-form foundation. By doing so, differential settlement can be avoided.

10. Types of Shallow Foundation

11. Balanced base Foundation

12. MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES ELEMENT: PAD FOUNDATION
**refer to drawings – plan , section view
Components:
Reinforced foundation base / concrete pad
Column stump

13. TAKING-OFF LISTS (items to be measured)
Reinforced foundation base / concrete pad
Concreting works
Reinforced concrete Grade __ in concrete pad / foundation base. (m3)
Lean Concrete blinding Grade _ under concrete pad / foundation base. (m2)
Formwork
Sawn formwork to sides of concrete pad / foundation base. (m2)
Reinforcement works (not available in this task)
High tensile reinforcement bar in concrete pad (kg/m)
Mild steel reinforcement bar in concrete pad (kg/m)

14. Plan of Pad Foundation 300mm 1250mm Nos. of foundation base = 4 nos.
Nos. of column stump = 4 nos.

15. Section of pad foundation
G.L
Column stump
750mm
6R8-225
4Y20
Reinforced concrete pad
300mm
25mm Thick lean concrete

16. TAKING-OFF LISTS (items to be measured)
Reinforced column stump
Concreting works
Reinforced concrete Grade _ in column stump (m3)
Formwork
Sawn formwork to sides of column stump (m2)
Reinforcement works (not available in this task)
High tensile reinforcement bar in column stump (kg/m)
Mild steel reinforcement bar in column stump (kg /m)

17. Piled foundation
Piled foundation is a form of foundation using piles to transfer the loads of a structure down to a firm soil stratum with sufficient load-taking capacity.
Materials for the piles can be of:
Timber
Pre cast concrete (sometimes also pre-stressed)
In-situ reinforced concrete
steel piles in ‘H’ or circular section

18. Loading supports to pile

19. Loading supports to pile

20. Classification of Piled Foundation
Piled Foundation can be classified into:
1.End Bearing pile or Friction pile (or of combined nature)
2.Piles formed by manual or mechanical methods
3.Percussion Piles (driven by hammer) or Non-percussion Piles (form by augering, boring or drilling)
4.Displacement or replacement piles