1. Respondent Conditioning Ch 21

2. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

3. B.F. Skinner

4. Ivan Pavlov

5. Does respondent conditioning play a role in magazine training? Remember operant level What did rat do when pellet dropped?

7. Terms Unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US) Unconditioned response (UCR or UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

8. US A stimulus that produces the unconditioned response without previous pairing with another stimulus

9. UR An unlearned response elicited by the presentation of an US.

10. CS A stimulus that acquires its eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus.

11. CR A learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus.

12. Unconditioned Stimulus UCS (food pellet) An UCS elicits behavior without any learning history with regard to that stimulus.

13. Unconditioned Response UCR (salivation) An UCR is a reflex response elicited by an UCS. The food pellet elicits salivation. UCS (food pellet)

14. Respondent Conditioning UCR (salivation) Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus... UCS (food pellet) neutral stimulus (click of pellet dispenser) pairing

15. Respondent Conditioning CR (salivation) …the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history. CS (click of pellet dispenser)

16. Respondent Conditioning No aspect of the procedure depends on the organism’s behavior. Rat did not have to “do” anything. Procedure consists of presentation of stimuli –Presented according to a prearranged temporal plan No response contingency (dependency)

17. Respondent Conditioning ? (salivation) Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a ______ stimulus... UCS (food pellet) ? stimulus (click of pellet dispenser) pairing

18. Respondent Conditioning ? (salivation) …the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the ___. The neutral stimulus is now a ___ (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history. ? (click of pellet dispenser)

19. Respondent Conditioning CR (salivation) …the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history. CS (click of pellet dispenser)

20. Operant Conditioning Behavior (Response)S R+ Peck diskGrain hopper access

21. Operant Conditioning Behavior (Response)S R+ Peck diskGrain hopper access ESSENTIAL that the reinforcer presentation depends on the organism’s response.

22. In operant conditioning, it is the occurrence of a response that causes reinforcement to be delivered. (Reinforcement is contingent upon the response)

23. In respondent conditioning, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented without regard to the animal’s behavior. (no contingency)

24. In operant conditioning, must detect response in order to know when to deliver reinforcement In respondent conditioning, must detect response to know whether conditioning is taking place

25. Essential features of each procedure? Special exercise helps highlight essential features: - operantly condition vasoconstriction -respondently condition the lever press

26. Operantly condition peripheral vasoconstriction Efforts to operantly condition smooth muscle systems have not been very successful Procedure can be applied to any response system

27. Respondently condition the lever press No lever-pressing reflex in the rat’s lever pressing repertoire… No reinforcement for lever pressing

28. Respondent vs. Operant Conditioning FeatureRespondent conditioning Operant conditioning ProcedureStimuli precede response Consequences follow response Response occurrence Non response necessary Response is necessary Parts of organism involved Glands & smooth muscles Striped muscles Response controlInvoluntaryVoluntary

29. Phobias? Long lasting, intense, irrational fear. Fear is produced by previously neutral stimuli.

30. What is fear? “Fears” darkness: Darkness is –a learned aversive stimulus and –a conditioned eliciting stimulus Responses – physiological and emotional – are conditioned responses to the eliciting stimulus.

32. Watson & Rayner UCR (fear response) Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus... UCS (Striking iron bar) neutral stimulus (White rat) pairing

33. Watson & Rayner CR (fear response) …the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history. CS (White rat)

34. Higher Order Conditioning Establishing a conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus.

35. Watson & Rayner CR (fear response) Following repeated pairings of the CS and a neutral stimulus... CS (white rat) neutral stimulus (Santa’s beard) pairing

36. Watson & Rayner CR (fear response) …the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history. CS (White rat) CS (Santa’s beard)

37. Respondent Extinction Present the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus or with an already established conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus will lose its eliciting power.

38. Operant treatment of phobias Differential reinforcement Reinforced practice – reinforce approaching aversive and fear-evoking stimuli Also involves respondent extinction (repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS)

39. Systematic Desensitization Combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from the least to the most frightening –Can be in vivo or with imagination

40. Systematic Desensitization Develop hierarchy of fears Complete relaxation training Begin systematic desensitization

41. Hierarchy of Fears 1.Thinking about basement 2.On basement stairs 3.Standing in basement 4.Notice spider webs in basement 5.See a dead spider 5 ft away 6.See a live spider 5 ft away 7.Etc 8.Etc 9.Ect 10.Ect 11.Ect 12.Ect 13.Spider crawling on hand

42. Relaxation Training Tense, then relax muscle groups Imagery – warm sun, calm ocean Practice

43. After mastery of relaxation… After training, begin Systematic Desensitization Raise finger during presentation of items from hierarchy if tension occurs and lower finger when there is a return to a relaxed state Repeat until relaxation is maintained throughout hierarchy