Technical Sales Specialist ESD Sika Industrial Flooring

Technical Sales Specialist ESD Sika Industrial Flooring
ESD Control Flooring Presented By: Erik S. Van Anglen Technical Sales Specialist ESD Sika Industrial Flooring Lyndhurst, NJ Good morning. I’d like to thank ICRI for the privilege of speaking to you this morning. My name is Erik Van Anglen and I am the technical sales specialist for ESD flooring for Sika Industrial flooring in Lyndhurst New Jersey. Most of you are familiar with the Sika brand as we are a leading worldwide manufacturer of construction chemicals.

Polymer ESD Flooring ? What Are the Problems? Where is the Market?
Why ESD Flooring? What Are the Problems? Where is the Market? What Products Are Available? What’s the Future? We’re going to speak this morning about ESD flooring in general but with specific emphasis on epoxy and urethane polymer ESD flooring products. Some of the topics I’d like to discuss today are Why ESD flooring is important in today’s manufacturing environments. What are the problems faced by industries today with ESD? Where is the market for ESD polymer flooring today? What types of products are available and how do they fit the market needs? What’s the future of ESD polymer flooring? Why do Owners specify polymer ESD floor coatings and toppings over other materials. What are the problems faced by Owners of facilities and processes that are susceptible to ESD? Where is the market for polymer ESD floor treatments. What products are available to address the problems? What’s the future for the industry? 2

What Is Static Electricity?
It’s a simple question and most of you are probably aware of the basic physics of static electricity And most of you probably have a fundamental understanding why it is a problem in the industrial environment. But you many not be aware of how it has it spawned such a large industry around it over the last 25 years. Everyone in this room has experienced an ElectroStatic Discharge just like the one on the screen. Usually on a cold winter day or on a very dry day.

Static Electricity Static Electricity: ESD:
An Electrical Charge at rest ESD: The transfer of static charges between bodies or objects at different electrical potentials. This may be caused by either direct contact or by induction of an electrostatic field. Static Electricity is an electrical charge at rest. More accurately, it’s an electrical charge that’s not in motion. It’s when the charge is set in motion that the real problem begins. ESD stands for ELECTRICAL STATIC DISCHARGE. It’s the transfer of electricity between two objects that have different electrical potentials. Its important to remember that this discharge doesn’t’ necessarily require direct contact. It can be induced through an electrostatic field.

Static Electricity Tribocharging:
The generation of electrostatic charges when two materials make contact or are rubbed together, then separated Almost all static charges in the normal environment are the result of TRIBOCHARGING. TRIBOCHARGING is the generation of a static field when two materials make contact or are rubbed together or separated. In an industrial ESD environment, the friction and lifting of footwear is the LEADING cause of Triboelectric generation.

Static Electricity & The Atom
- All matter consists of a collection of atoms The “atom” is comprised of a nucleus containing + Protons and Neutrons Orbiting the nucleus are - Electrons The atom is normally electrically neutral (same # of +protons = # of -electrons) + As we all learned in school, all matter consists of a collection of atoms. Each atom is comprised of a nucleus containing both positively charge protons, neutrally charged Neutrons. Surrounding this nucleus are any number of negatively charged ELECTRONS. Normally, each atom is neutral, that is it has the same number of PROTONS as ELECTRONS.

Contact and Separation of Materials Causes Electron Imbalance
+ Positive Charge - Negative Charge Negative Electron Strips to Another Atom However, when two materials in close proximity are aggressively rubbed together or are quickly separated, free electrons are stripped from and redistributed, either to another object or to a ground conductor. This results in one object being positively charged and the other negatively charged. This difference is expressed as a difference in electrical potential. Simply put, ESD discharge is the sudden and violent redistribution of free electrons between objects or to a conductor.

Factors that Influence Tribocharging
Static Electricity in an EPA Factors that Influence Tribocharging Intimacy of Contact Speed of Separation Conductivity of Materials Triboelectric Series Position Relative Humidity As I said, virtually all static charges in the environment are the result of tribocharging. What factors determine what kind of charge and the capacity of that charge? Intimacy of contact: How close are the surfaces before separation? Speed of Separation: how quickly are they rubbed together or pulled apart? The conductivity of the materials. Materials do not need to be conductive to tribocharge but it will effect the rate and capacitance. The position of the material on the triboelectric series. Not every material will charge at the same rate or even in the same polarity. The most common condition that effects tribocharging is the relative humidity. The more moisture in the air, the more easily it will conduct static electricity away from the subject material.

Characteristics of Material Charge
Triboelectric Series Chart Human Hand Asbestos Rabbit Fur Glass Mica Human Hair Nylon, Wool Lead Silk Aluminum Paper Cotton Steel Wood Amber Sealing Wax Hard Rubber Nickel, Copper Brass, Silver Gold, Platinum Acetate Rayon Polyester Celluloid Saran Polyurethane Polyethylene PVC (Vinyl) Silicon Teflon Positive + Increasing + Neutral Increasing - Negative - Almost every know material will develop a triboelectric charge to some degree. This is a chart showing the relative tribocharging properties of about 30 common materials. Note that some materials will naturally charge negatively, other positively, all to varying degrees. From Neutral, the further apart the two materials appear on this chart, an increasing amount of tribocharging most likely will result upon separation

Put Static Voltage in Perspective
Electrostatic Voltage Scale for Various Actions Means of Generation Electrostatic Voltage %RH % RH Walking on Carpet 35, ,500 Walking on Vinyl 12, Working at Bench 6, Poly Bag Picked up at Bench 20, ,200 Work Chair Padded with Foam 18, ,500 Walking on Standard Epoxy Floor 20, ,000 Walking on performance <15 <15 ESD Floor with Proper Footwear Here is an example of the kinds of voltage potentials that an average person can develop with working in an industrial environment. Take note that epoxy floor coating are exceptionally efficient tribocharging surfaces. Note that one of the easiest and most effective ways to lower electrostatic potential is to increase the conductivity of the surrounding air by increasing the humidity. Note that in some manufacturing environments it is difficult or impossible to maintain extremely high levels of relative humidity.

ESD Events in the Workplace
A Word about People & Electrostatic Voltage Over 3,000 Volts Needed on Body to “Feel” Electrostatic Discharge Painful discharges occur > 10,000 volts Rarely can a person have >30,000 Volts on body Many Devices have a damage threshold far below 3,000 volts Some Devices are sensitive well below 100 volts GMR Heads are sensitive below 10 volts It’s important to understand that potential voltages on individuals that are merely annoying in normal life are potentially devastating in the electronics manufacturing arena and potentially life-threatening in industrial environments where flammable materials or explosive air-gas mixtures exist. As you can see, a charge on the human body needs to be around 3000 volts before there is any sensation of the discharge. A charge of 10,000 volts can be downright painful. It’s rare for a person to have a potential in excess of 30,000 volts. Keep in mind that most electronic devices have a threshold of sensitivity, and we’ll dig deeper into that is a minute, of less than 100 volts. This is the level at which these devices can be damaged or destroyed. GMR, or Giant Magnetoresistive Heads, despite the name they’re actually rather small, is the part of a computer hard drive that “reads” the magnetic disk are very sensitive to electrical charges. They have to be to operate properly. GMRs are usually sensitive to charges below 10 volts.

ESD Protection Electronics Industry
There are two aspects to the ESD industry, Electronics is the obvious one but there is a separate and equally important market in flammable gas/liquids/powders as well as energy producing materials such as explosives. Let’s talk about how ESD effects the electronics industry first.

Static Electricity Static Electricity Damages Electronic Components by Overstressing Microscopic Connections The damage caused by ESD on micro electronic components is very straight forward. The electrical discharge passes across very small, thin and closely spaced electrical connections and overstresses them to the point that they fail. 13

Failure Analysis This is a SCE microscopic picture of the results of a Human Body Model and a Machine Model ESD event and the subsequent effect on a conductor. (HBM) Human Body Model (MM) Machine Model

(CDM) Charged Device Model
Failure Analysis This is an example of a Charged Device Model failure. Note the impact crater of the ESD discharge contact point. On a life-sized scale this would be roughly equivalent to having your house struck directly by lightning. (CDM) Charged Device Model 15

Failures Associated with ESD Events
Static Electricity Failures Associated with ESD Events Latent Failure: Damaged component, not evident until after product has been shipped Catastrophic Failure: Component is damaged immediately Now we’ve talked about the different models of ESD events and the potential for failure. Let’s talk about the failure modes themselves. There are only two types of failures that ESD engineers concern themselves with. There is no “degree” or “scale” of failure, the device is either failed or it’s not. The only difference between the two modes of failure are whether the failure is discovered before the device is committed to a finished product, or the finished product is shipped out the door to a customer and allowed to fail in service. Neither failure mode is acceptable at any level.

Component Sensitivity
Static Electricity Component Sensitivity Human Body Model Class 0 0 to 199 Volts Class to 499 Volts Class to 1999 Volts Class Volts Class 4 Not ESD Sensitive Through extensive failure analysis, components have been classified as to their ESD sensitivity In order to understand the concerns and issues that electronics manufacturer’s face, it’s important to understand that different components and finished products have varying degrees of sensitivity to ESD. This is a breakdown of the industry CLASSES based on the sensitivity of the most sensitive component. Machine model sensitivities are roughly HALF of HBM

ESD Events in the Workplace
(HBM) Human Body Model ESD Event (CDM) Charged Device Model (FIM) Field Induction Model (MM) Machine Model Electronics manufacturers classify 4 different “models” of ESD exposure. The Human Body Model, The Charged Device Model, the Field Induction Model and the Machine Model. These “models” are designed to determine how a particular electronic component or a finished product will react to overexposure to Electrostatic discharges.

ESD Occurs When Charged Person Touches Device
Human Body Model HBM ESD Occurs When Charged Person Touches Device These models are very simple in definition. The Human Body Model is simply an event where a person who is charged with an electrostatic field touches a device that has a different electrical potential. The field potentials are equalized and the device is tested for latent damage or catastrophic failure. 19

Machine Model MM Occurs When Sensitive Device Comes In Contact With Charged Surface. Worst-Case Scenario of HMB The Machine Model was developed by the Japanese when they started away from hand-held manufacturing and developed machine automated assembly of components. The MM is considered a “worse-case” scenario of the Human Body Model. Remember that the ESD voltage thresholds for the Machine Model are less than half that of the human model. 20

Field Induction Model FIM
Field Induction Events Occur When ESD Sensitive Devices Are Placed Within Electrostatic Field and Are Momentarily Grounded. The next ESD model is the Field Induction Model. Whenever any object becomes electro statically charged, there is an electrostatic field associated with that charge. If an ESDS device is placed in that electrostatic field, a charge may be induced on the device. If the device is then momentarily grounded while within the electrostatic field, a transfer of charge from the device occurs as a CDM event. If the device is removed from the region of the electrostatic field and grounded again, a second CDM event will occur as the charge (of opposite polarity from the first event) is transferred from the device. TWO FOR THE PRICE OF ONE 21

Charged Device Model CDM
Charged Device Events Occur When Charged, ESD Sensitive Devices Come Into Contact With Conductive Surfaces Finally, the last ESD event model is the Charged Device Model. This is simply when an ESD sensitive device that has an electrostatic charge associated with it comes in contact with a conductive surface with a different voltage potential. 22

The “Problem” with a Difference in Potential
By nature, an electrostatic field will always seek ground first. Differences in Electrical Potential Will Always Be Equalized The “PROBLEM”, as it were, with ESD ISSUES comes down to one factor, the difference in electrical potential between the person or object that is charged with a static electric field and the ground. If the potential is great enough, contact with ground or any grounded equipment, or other person, will result in an electrical discharge that will attempt to equalize that potential. The single most important goal in any ESD program is to equalize the potential between all the personnel, all the machinery, the entire structure, including and the ground.

ESD Protection against Fire or Explosion from Ignition
Chemical Plants Pharmaceutical Plants Munitions/Defense/Military Installations Energy Producing Products (Airbags, Gases) Dry Goods Milling Operations Printing Plants Any Process Susceptible to Damage by Ignition ESD Protection for hazardous environments poses different problems and issues. Some of the obvious applications are flammable liquids, gasses and explosives. Dry powders such as flour, starch and feed can produce extremely hazardous environments that are very easily detonated by electrostatic discharge.

Ignition Source < 3000v ZAP or ESD
ESD, or Zap, is occurs when there is a difference in the amount of electrons between two sources. ZAP or ESD The rapid, spontaneous transfer of electrostatic charge induced by a high electrostatic field. Usually, the charge flows through a spark between two bodies at different electrostatic potentials as they approach one another. ESD discharges or “Zaps” can effectively act as ignition sources even when below the threshold of feeling, or less than 3,000 volts. (from ESD-ADV )

Energy Transfer = Ignition Source
3,000 Volts = 0.5 Millijoules (mj) of Energy Propane within Explosive Concentration Range (LEL/UEL 2.15% - 9.6%) Requires Only 0.25 mj to Ignite Flammable gasses and vapors are categorized by their Explosive limits, both High and Low, or the range of concentrations when mixed with air that will ignite and explode when exposed to a source of ignition. 26

“The Problem” Definition of Ground
A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth. (2) The position or portion of an electrical circuit at zero potential with respect to the earth. (3) A conducting body, such as the earth or the hull of a steel ship, used as a return path for electric currents and as an arbitrary zero reference point. (from ANSI/EOS/ESD-S ) The “Problem”, as we discussed earlier, is the difference in electrical potential between two surfaces, or between a sensitive device or process and the ground. ANSI/ESD defines a “Ground” as a conducting connection, intentional or accidental between circuits or devices and the earth. Of course the solution is to reduce the difference in potential to the lowest possible level. That’s where ESD flooring comes into the equation. (from ANSI/EOS/ESD-S )

These are process documents, not test standards
Electronics Standards ANSI/ESD S Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment MIL-1686C IEC & 2 These are process documents, not test standards I’D LIKE TO TALK ABOUT STANDARDS AND HOW THEY WILL DRIVE OUR BUSINESS IN THE FUTURE ANSI/ESD S is the current standard for Development of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment. REMEMBER THAT THIS IS A PROCESS DOCUMENT, NOT A TEST STANDARD. This standard EXCLUDES flammable gasses, liquids and explosives. MIL-1686C ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PARTS, ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIPMENT IEC is the International Electrotechnical Commission and is essentially the same standard as for Europe.

NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S20.20-2007
Electronics Standards NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S <3.5 x 10e7 ohms resistance <100v body voltage generation BVG Combination of ESD STM97.1 & ESD STM97.2 “The plan shall contain the specific requirements for the organization and be evolutionary as technologies, processes or procedures change.” (More sensitive ESD items = Lower BVG Requirements) The most recent version of S has been adopted by the electronics industry in general as the standard for developing a program for mitigating ESD in the manufacturing arena. The standards for footwear and flooring have been refined and now specify the resistance of the footwear and floor combination instead of simply the internal resistance of the floor material. Some of you may have seen or been involved in testing under the older standard and you should understand that the new testing methods are designed to test the performance of the flooring material as a system component rather then as an separate test of material function. In addition, the standards states that the plan shall be EVOLUTIONARY, that is, it will adopt as technologies change and electronic devices become more sensitive. After 2009, compliance with is a mandatory requirement for Independent third-party Facility Certification conducted through ISO9000 accredited organization on a country-by-country basis. This has driven a considerable amount of business for ESD flooring. A Requirement for Third-Party ISO9000 Facility Certification After 2009!

NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S20.20-2007
Electronics Standards NEW ANSI/ESD ASSOCIATION STANDARD S The changes to the testing methods in S represent a change in the way that ESD flooring is viewed. No longer do we test the material for base conductivity, but rather it’s measured as component of the floor/shoe evaluation.

Association Documents to Prevent Fire and Explosion
NFPA-77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity NFPA-99 Standard For Health Care Facilities UL-779 Electrically Conductive Flooring THE NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION IS THE TECHNICAL AUTHORITY ON MATTERS OF FIRE PREVENTION. THEY PUBLISH NFPA 77 WHICH IS THE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ON STATIC ELECTRICITY. THIS STANDARD COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF INDUSTRY WHERE STATIC ELECTICITY MIGHT CAUSE A FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARD. NFPA 99 IS THE STANDARD FOR FIRE PROTECTION IN THE HOSPITAL AND HEALTH CARE ARENA AND COVERS THE USE OF CONDUCTIVE FLOORING IN SURGICAL SUITES WHERE FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE ANESTHETICS MAY BE USED. UL-779 IS FUNCTIONALLY EQUIVALENT TO NFPA 99

Test Methods for ANSI Compliance
Testing Equipment Ohms Meter Voltage Meter Charged Plate Monitor There are several pieces of testing equipment that are used not only for verifying floor performance at time of installation but for routine compliance testing. We as manufacturer’s can make use of these testing systems to assist customers in selecting other ESD control devices, particularly shoes. Remember that 97.1 and 97.2 are specifically designed to determine the effectiveness of footwear with flooring systems, not just the performance of the floor.

Qualification Test Method
Testing Methods EOS/ESD STM S ASTM F-150 An up to date test method for the measurement of electrical resistance of floor materials both point to point and point to ground. Results are reported in ohms of resistance S 7.1 AND THE ANSI EQUIVALENT IS THE “UP TO DATE” TEST METHOD FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF FLOOR MATERIALS AND FLOOR MATERIALS TO GROUND.

Test Methods for ANSI Compliance and Quality Control
Testing Methods Various Methods of testing have been developed to measure the effects of static and discharge on sensitive components and for purposes of preventing fire or explosion. We’ve talked about the different standards that SEVERAL OF THESE METHODS HAVE SURVIVED OVER THE YEARS BUT ARE MORE OF A MATERIAL TEST AND NOT A TEST OF TRUE PERFORMANCE WITHIN AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT.

Point-to-Point Resistance EOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2006
Megohmeter with a minimum range of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms. 5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode set to 3 feet apart Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts Now let’s talk about the specific test methods. S7.1 is an up to date version of the old NFPA 99 test. It measures the internal resistance of the ESD system from point-to-point. Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet

Resistance to Ground EOS/ESD-S7.1-Rev. 2005
Megohmeter with a minimum range of 10e5 to 10e11 ohms. 5 lb. Conductive Rubber electrode. Other lead connected to earth ground. Test voltage set at 10 or 100 volts Same with the Resistance to Ground test. This configuration tests the internal resistance from a point on the floor surface to the structure ground. Minimum 5 tests per 5000 square feet

Performance Test Method
Testing Methods EOS/ESD STM 97.1 An up to date test method for the electronics industry that measures Floor Materials and Footwear-Resistance Measurement in combination with a Person Results are reported in ohms of resistance 97.1 TAKES 7.1 ANOTHER STEP IN THAT IT MEASURES THE TRUE RESISTANCE OF A PERSON IN CONJUNCTION WITH COMPLIANT FOOTWEAR, AND IN THE ACTUAL MANUFACTURING ARENA.

Floor Materials and Footwear-Resistance Measurement in Combination with a Person ESD STM 97.1-2006
Similar to Resistance to Ground test, but incorporates the human body model with ESD footwear. This is a diagram and a photo of a person actually performing the test. It measures the resistance to ground of a person wearing the intended footwear on the actual floor surface.

Performance Test Method
Testing Standards ESD STM 97.2 The most important performance test of any ESD control floor system Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage Measurement in Combination with a Person Established Test Method for the measurement of the Voltage on a Person in combination with Floor Materials and static control Footwear, shoes or other devices. In a given Application? “How does it Perform” 97.2 IS THE TRUE TEST OF A FLOOR SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE IN CONJUCTION WITH COMPLIANT FOOTWEAR, APPAREL, AND UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS AS THE MANUFACTURING ARENA. AGAIN, THE TEST MEASURES THE FLOOR IN CONJUNCTION WITH FOOT WEAR. IT ALSO, NOT OVERTLY STATED IN THE STANDARD, ALSO MEASURES THE ENVIRONMENT, ESD APPAREL OTHER THAN SHOES, AND THE NORMAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT IN RESPECT TO HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE AND OTHER FACTORS. THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IS THAT IT PRODUCES A RESULT THAT PROVES THAT THE MATERIAL PERFORMS IN TERMS OF TOTAL BODY VOLTAGE GENERATED.

Testing Materials vs. Testing Performance
BVG Vs. Resistance Qualification Tests Testing Materials vs. Testing Performance The most important change in testing over the last few years has been emphasis on testing PERFORMANCE of the flooring/footwear/appliance system rather than pure material testing.

Importance of Testing Body Voltage Generation (BVG)
Performance Test Methods Importance of Testing Body Voltage Generation (BVG) ANSI/ESD S Method 2 <100Volts (BVG) Some Smart Phones Contain a (BVG) Susceptible Chip <25 v GMR’s May Be Susceptible to <10 Volts. ANSI ESD S20,20 states that a ESD Plan shall contain the specific requirements for the organization and be “evolutionary as technologies, processes or procedures change.” S20.20 CALLS OUT FOR A MAXIMUM BVG OF 100 VOLTS BUT ALLOWS FOR LOWER LIMITS TO BE SET WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL ESD PLAN. FLOOR SYSTEMS ARE AVAILABLE TODAY THAT WILL PERMIT BVG’S OF LESS THAN 15 VOLTS.

Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage Measurement in Combination with a Person ESD STM 97.2-2006
Requires a “Charged Plate Monitor” Works in conjunction with proper ESD footwear. 97.2 IS THE STANDARD FOR DETERMINING HOW AN ESD FLOOR WORKS IN THE REAL TIME ENVIRONMENT WITH THE INTENDED FOOTWEAR AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

S 97.2 Body Voltage Utilizes a “Step” Pattern to Simulate Walking
The 97.2 Body Voltage Generation Test uses a recommended step pattern developed to test for static buildup on carpet. It’s the woman’s side of the Box Step and simulates walking forward, backward, side-to-side and diagonal cross-stepping. It covers every direction of foot movement that could be normally expected. 43

Floor Materials and Footwear-Voltage Measurement in Combination with a Person ESD STM 97.2-2006
The Body Voltage Generation test produces a graphical result that indicates the maximum and minimum body voltages generated with a specific set of ESD shoes, apparel, appliances and environmental conditions. THIS IS WHAT CURRENT GENERATION POLYMER ESD FLOORING PRODUCTS ARE CAPABLE OF WITH THE PROPER FOOTWEAR. ANYTHING LESS (OR, HIGHER POTENTIAL GENERATION, IS UNACCEPTABLE). Less than 10 is possible with some systems. This particular chart was taken on an Epoxy ESD floor surface with a person wearing SD shoes and an ESD Smock at 72º/50% RH. Also note that the test subject is generating a charge in the NEGATIVE due to the combination of materials on the tribogeneration order. Chart Indicates Less Than 15 Volts BVG While Walking Through “Step Cycle” 44

ESD Solutions A ESD floor can tie your customer’s entire ESD-Control program together “Let’s take a Look” Remember that an ESD flooring system, regardless of the type, is one element in a complete ESD system and that this system is one element of a complete ESD program.

Available Product Solutions
Bare Concrete + Conductive (<25,000 ohms) - Appearance - Dusts - Wears - Is Not Uniformly or Consistently Conductive ESD Waxes/Sealers + Effective temporarily - requires routine re-application The least of all ESD systems is bare concrete. Most concrete in good condition is conductive in its own right. However, concrete poses some obvious drawbacks in that it’s not aesthetically pleasing (unless sealed which obviates the ESD characteristics). It dusts, wears and isn’t always uniformly conductive. 46

ESD Floor Mats + Very uniform ESD characteristics + Aesthetic appearance - Require Positive Grounding Point - Won’t take heavy point loads - Only Work in Local Area ESD floor mats offer localized protection. However, they need to be routinely tested for performance, they need to be positively attached to a ground point. They are designed for localized, temporary use where other methods are not practical. 47

Tile/Sheet Goods + Very uniform ESD characteristics + Aesthetic appearance - Requires Routine Maintenance - Won’t take heavy point loads - Relatively high installed cost Tile and sheet vinyl ESD products are excellent choices for many areas. They routinely have very uniform ESD characteristics due to the manufacturing process. They are aesthetically pleasing and are available in a variety of colors and patterns. However, most tile and sheet goods products require some form of maintenance beyond simple cleaning. Some require periodic waxing and buffing. Tile is limited by the fact that it’s seamed product. It requires the use of an adhesive to install. Typically, tile and sheet goods will not withstand heavy point loads that may be present in the manufacturing arena. 48

Rubber Sheet + Good Choice for Cleanrooms + Overall Cost Effectiveness - Initial Expense - Point Load Resistance Carpet Unsuitable for Industrial Environment ESD Rubber sheeting is a very effective floor treatment. It has excellent ESD stability, good appearance. Newer products have very low outgassing CVCM (collected volatile collectable materials) low It requires adhesive application. Being an elastomeric it’s suitable for foot and light wheeled traffic, not suitable for heavy industrial environment. Carpet is an excellent choice for administrative and personnel areas, but it’s completely unsuited for the industrial environment. Carpet is obviously not suitable for industrial or even light technical environments and should be relegated to office and personnel space. 49

ESD Polymer Flooring Drawbacks… + Seamless + Corrosion Resistant
+ Relatively Rapid Installation + Relatively Low Initial Cost, Ideal For Leaseholds + Will Resist Point Loading + Very Wide Variety of Colors & Finishes Drawbacks… - Aesthetics of Liquid Applied Coating - Limited by Same Drawbacks of All Epoxy/Urethane Flooring Water Vapor Emissions Concrete Condition That brings us to ESD polymer, liquid applied flooring. While there are a number of options for ESD flooring in many areas of an electronics facility, epoxy and urethane based ESD flooring products have a definite advantage in many area. The most promising aspect of the polymer ESD market is the fact that it makes a lower impact on facilities that may change operations or quickly adapt to new manufacturing processes as markets dictate. Thin-film epoxy and urethane ESD coatings offer an alternative to tile and other products that may be difficult to remove if future changes require it. 50

Criteria for Choosing Polymer ESD-Control Flooring
Quality-Control ESD Criteria for Choosing Polymer ESD-Control Flooring Performance (BVG) Physical Properties (Durability) Aesthetics Ease of Repair Relative Cost Why would a customer choose POLYMER ESD FLOORING over other materials? Performance should be the first and foremost criteria. How does the material perform in the real world, in the real manufacturing environment? Physical Properties. Quality POLYMER ESD FLOORING is durable, wear resistant, chemical resistant, seamless. It is chemically bonded to the substrate, there are no adhesives, no seams. It’s resistant to point loads and abrasive forces. Aesthetics: Current versions of Polymer ESD flooring are available in a virtually unlimited range of colors, many different textures, glosses, mattes. Most other ESD floor treatments are limited to a stock selection of colors and surfaces. Polymer ESD flooring products are easily repaired and more importantly much more cost effective when facilities are modified, expanded, or temporary facilities are developed to accommodate rapid expansion. Polymer ESD flooring has a competitive edge in terms of initial cost, overall value, speed of application. It competes squarely with almost every other available option in terms of performance. 51 51 47

What types of ESD Polymer Flooring Are On The Market?
Particulate Systems Quartz Systems Heavy Duty Systems Epoxy Urethane Novalac-Epoxy Water Base Static Dissipative Conductive Polymer ESD flooring has one distinct advantage over all other ESD floor treatment. That is, it can be formulated with a variety of resin systems to compliment specific applications. It can be easily modified for applications ranging from light technical environments to the heaviest industrial applications. It can be formulated with novolac resins for enhanced corrosion resistance, it can be formulated into water-based and urethane based systems. Color choices are virtually unlimited as the pigment bases are typically added in the field or formulated to-order at the plant. Slip-resistant systems are possible with certain products.

ESD - Various Requirements/Materials The Right Floor For The Job
One of the distinct advantages of polymer ESD flooring is the wide variety of methods and products that can be applied to meet different manufacturing requirements. These include wear resistant trowel down type toppings for AGV traffic, chemical resistant ESD coatings for wet and corrosive processes, light duty coatings for assembly and component handling operations.

Particulate Based ESD Flooring
System with ground plane offers even distribution of ESD protection throughout the thickness of the floor ADVANTAGES Very low BVG values ( ESD particulate floors can be below 15 volts) Wear Layer is Electrically Reactive 100% Solids Epoxy or Low VOC Urethanes Very easy and economical to repair The primers and intermediate coats can be pigmented the same color Variety of Finishes and Colors The newest technology for polymer based flooring products is the use of conductive polymer particulates to impart conductivity to the product. Because the particulate is uniformly dispersed throughout the material the entire surface is electrically reactive, there are no individual conductive points. In addition, these materials are easily repaired and the repairs are fully conductive. The primers and intermediate coats can also be pigmented the same for uniform color and appearance. 54

Particulate Based ESD Flooring
ADVANTAGES Functions independent of humidity Cost-effective Easy to install and maintain Most Consistent Dissipation Some of the advantages of particulate based systems are the fact that it functions for the most part without regard to humidity. It’s cost effective in that the materials are easy to apply, require little field modification, and offer the most consistent electrical characteristics. 55

Static Dissipative Systems
Insulating Primer Conductive Epoxy Primer ESD Conductive System Concrete Substrate Insulative Primer Conductive Primer ESD Topcoat This is a “TYPICAL” ESD particulate system. There are several ways of achieving the same result but this is one of the most common. Consisting of an insulative primer to isolate the effects of a non-uniform conductive primer, a fully conductive carbon based primer can be applied under the particulate based topcoat. This provides the highest degree of conductivity to ground. Conductive Primer Insures High Conductivity, Uniformity of Ground Plane

Static Dissipative Systems
Insulating Primer Electrostatic Dissipative System Insulative Primer ESD Topcoat Concrete Substrate Again, a “Typical” Static dissipative system, same as before but because the topcoat in inherently conductive due to the uniform dispersion of the conductive element there is no need for a conductive primer. An insulative primer is used again to electrically isolate the concrete from the ESD system. Insulating primer from substrate to prevent unreliable substrate ranges from insulative to very conductive due to moisture content of concrete near surface.

Fiber Based Epoxy ESD Systems
Generally Thicker Systems Depend on Uniform Distribution of Carbon Fiber Sensitive to Application Methods Fiber Top Coat Conductive Primer In years past many ESD epoxy flooring products used a carbon fiber based technology. While this is an ‘Older” technology I hesitate to call it “old” as there are still manufacturers producing similar products. This system can have some advantages, especially in thicker, self-leveling systems. They are more sensitive to application methods because in order to work correctly the fibers must be both uniformly distributed through the resin matrix and they have to be aligned to the surface and ground plane. Insulative Primer

Typical Fiber Wear Layer Floor Electrical Performance
Fiber-Based Epoxy ESD Design Properties Older Technology Non Aligning Wear Layer for Re-coatability More Dependent on Relative Humidity Prone to Inconsistent Electrical Properties More Dependent on Applicator’s Skills Fiber based ESD systems are an “older” technology, not “old” as in obsolete, but the technology has been surpassed with non-fibered, particulate based systems. The typical drawbacks of a fiber based system are the fact that the fibers must be uniformly distributed and aligned with the ground plane in order to work properly. Another typical drawback of fiber based products is the fact that the electrical contact on the ESD shoe sole or heel strap may be inconsistent. This type of system is quite dependent on the skill and diligence of the installing contractor.

Epoxy ESD Control Flooring
Particulate Based ESD Flooring Epoxy ESD Control Flooring Features <15 Volts BVG Possible Conductive range (2.5 x 10e4 to 1.0 x 10e6 ohms)* Static Dissipative Range (1.0 x 10e6 to 1.0 x 10e9)* Dissipate a 5,000 volt charge to 0 in less than 0.1 seconds Maintains Conductivity throughout the entire thickness of system Abrasion, impact and chemical resistant Speaking again of particulate based systems, let’s look at what’s possible in the product range. It’s possible to produce a floor surface that in conjunction with the proper footwear or shoe appliances will produce reading under S97.2 of less than 15 volts BVG. Another advantage of particulate systems is the fact that the conductive elements are evenly distributed throughout the system. As the system ages the conductivity should remain the same regardless of wear to the surface. * - Per EOS/ESD Standards

Technological Trends Over Time
I’d like to take some time to discuss the electronics market and how it’s changing. The most important aspect of the electronics industry is how the technology itself is changing and what that means to all suppliers of ESD mitigation products, not just flooring.

“Smaller and Faster Concept”
Technological Trends “Smaller and Faster Concept” In time, Integrated circuitry has become powerful and faster with each innovation The results will be smaller and more convenient products for the consumer It’s obvious that the electronic products that we’ve come to depend on are constantly changing, usually becoming smaller but with more features and better performance.

Technological Trends Moore’s Law: The Capacity of Electronic Devices Doubles Approximately Every Two Years In 1995 the 64-bit Processor Had 9.3 Million Transistors By 2001 the State-of-The-Art Processor had 40 Million Transistors By 2015 Expected to Have 15 Billion By 2020, Will Be in Molecular Scale Production, Positioning Individual Molecules Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel theorized in 1960’s that the ability to place transistors on a circuit board would double every two years and that the cost to do so would be cut roughly in half. By 2020 the industry predicts that microprocessors will be operating on a molecular level. If this sounds like science fiction, understand that IBM created the first working prototype of a molecular level processor 8 years ago. It’s not a prediction, it’s a reality. This “law” has proven true over many different electronics technologies, including number of pixels per dollar in digital cameras, the number of functions on cell phones, and the capacity of television transmissions. 63

What Does the Future Hold?
Technological Trends What Does the Future Hold? Electronic chip sensitivity thresholds and manufacturing procedures create the need for superior ESD protection both now and in the future. The future for manufacturers and installers of Polymer ESD flooring is very bright. As the tolerance for ESD events decreases and the density of ESD devices increases the result will be a continuing expansion of the ESD mitigation market in general ESD flooring market in particular. The problem is not going away and in fact is getting worse by the year. The floor surface in any facility is both the largest contributor to ESD load and the easiest surface to treat. It’s one of the most cost effective ways to lower the overall ESD load in a facility.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Technology Roadmap
Technological Trends Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Technology Roadmap With devices becoming more sensitive through the year 2010, it is imperative that companies begin to determine the ESD capabilities of their handling processes. For people handling ESD sensitive devices, personnel grounding systems must be designed to limit body voltages to less than 100 volts, and in many cases less. To protect against Machine Model ESD discharges, all conductive elements that contact ESD sensitive devices must be grounded. Finally, to limit the possibilities of a field induced CDM ESD event, users of ESD sensitive devices should ensure that the maximum voltage induced on their devices is kept below 50 volts. The Technology Roadmap was published by the ESD Association 4 years ago. It outlines the need to reduce ESD control capabilities through 2010 and beyond. The limits are already being lowered below the recommended 100 volt threshold and below 50 volts for CDM events. Copyright © 2005 ESD Association

ESD Flooring as Part of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program
Now I’d like to briefly discuss how ESD flooring fits in as a part of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program

Remember That ESD Flooring Is Only One Component of a Complete System
ESD-Control Flooring Remember That ESD Flooring Is Only One Component of a Complete System Remember that as much as the floor surface is the most cost effective way to decrease ESD loads in a facility, it is only one component in a complete comprehensive ESD control program. ANSI-ESD S is the accepted outline for this system. 67

Testing and Connecting Devices
Traditional ESD Protection Grounded Benches Wrist Straps Air Ionizers Heel Straps ESD Footwear ESD flooring works in conjunction with the traditional methods of ESD control. These measures are simply not enough on their own and flooring is the one element in the ESD program that ties them all together. These alone are not enough!

The Floor Ties The ESD System Together
ESD-Control Flooring The Floor Ties The ESD System Together Remember that the floor surface is potentially the largest generator of triboelectric charging and also the largest working surface in the plant. An effective ESD flooring system will tie the entire ESD program together for maximum efficiency and protection. 69

How Much Are Static Losses Costing Your Customer?
Static Electricity How Much Are Static Losses Costing Your Customer? As High as 10% of Annual Revenues Average Negative Impact of 6% More Than $85 Billion Per Year World Wide* Direct Material Loss is Smallest Portion of Total Cost Rework, Burden and Overhead, Warranty and Field Service and Customer Service and Satisfaction Add to the Real Cost These are some of the costs associated with ESD related losses. As High as 10% of Annual Revenues Average Negative Impact of 6% More Than $85 Billion Per Year World Wide* Direct Material Loss is Smallest Portion of Total Cost Rework, Burden and Overhead, Warranty and Field Service and Customer Service and Satisfaction Add to the Real Cost *Based on 2001 Industry Study

Your Customers Have A Choice!
Quality-Control ESD Your Customers Have A Choice! The Incremental Cost of Adding ESD-Control to your Customer’s Facility Floors Will Prove to be one of the Best Decisions They Will Ever Make. The ultimate payoff in cost savings for electronics manufacturers is impossible to calculate. The benefits are silent, long lasting.

Static Control Program Benefits
Static Electricity Static Control Program Benefits Cost Benefits: Estimates for ESD damage is in the $4 billion range for the US Electronics Industry More reliable products, lower scrap rate Greater customer satisfaction The Largest Generation of Static Electricity in any Workplace is Caused by the Contact and Separation of Floor and Footwear The Floor is the Largest Working Surface in Any Facility Many manufacturers are only now beginning to assemble their ESD Programs. They’ve been using the standard ESD control products, including flooring but it’s not uncommon to find large companies that have yet to develop and document a comprehensive ESD plan in accordance with ANSI/ESD S20.20

Going Beyond the Need for an ESD Floor
Quality-Control ESD Going Beyond the Need for an ESD Floor An ESD-Control flooring system can serve as a sales and marketing tool for your customer when presenting their organization to potential clients. FINALLY, I WOULD JUST LIKE TO SAY THAT WE FEEL THAT THE FUTURE OF ESD FLOORING IS VERY BRIGHT. WE AND OTHER MANUFACTURERS ARE DEVOTING A LOT OF RESOURCES TO THIS MARKET.

ICRI Fall Convention Flooring Issues Phoenix Arizona Thank You
Thank you for inviting me to the Fall Convention and I appreciate the opportunity to speak with you. 74

Technical Sales Specialist ESD Sika Industrial Flooring

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