1. 1 Soil Classification Prof Neelam Belani Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department IT,NU.

2. 2 Objectives To develop a systematic way to describe and classify soils; To assign symbols. To group soils of similar geotechnical characteristics; and

3. 3 Major Soil Groups 0.002200632.360.075 Grain size (mm) BoulderClaySiltSandGravelCobble Fine grain soils Coarse grain soils Granular soils or Cohesionless soils Cohesive soils

4. 4 Grain Size Distribution To know the relative proportions of different grain sizes. An important factor influencing the geotechnical characteristics of a coarse grain soil. Not important in fine grain soils. Significance of GSD:

5. 5 Grain Size Distribution In coarse grain soils …... By sieve analysis Determination of GSD: In fine grain soils …... By hydrometer analysis Sieve Analysis Hydrometer Analysis soil/water suspension hydrometer stack of sieves sieve shaker

6. Grain Size Distribution Curve can find % of gravels, sands, fines define D 10, D 30, D 60.. as above. 6

7. 7 Well or Poorly Graded Soils Well Graded Soils Poorly Graded Soils Wide range of grain sizes present Gravels: C c = 1-3 & C u >4 Sands: C c = 1-3 & C u >6 Others, including two special cases: (a) Uniform soils – grains of same size (b) Gap graded soils – no grains in a specific size range

8. 8 Relative Density (D r ) Measure of how densely the grains are packed in a coarse grain soil in %. 0100 LoosestDensest Also known as density index (I D ).

9. 9 Granular Soil Consistencies As per AS1726 - 1993 Relative Density (%)Consistency Term 0-15 15-35 35-65 65-85 85-100 Very loose Loose Medium dense Dense Very dense

10. 10 Atterberg Limits Border line water contents, separating the different states of a fine grained soil Liquid limit Shrinkage limit Plastic limit 0 water content liquidsemi- solid brittle- solid plastic

11. 11 Atterberg Limits Liquid Limit (w L or LL): Clay flows like liquid when w > LL Plastic Limit (w P or PL): Lowest water content where the clay is still plastic Shrinkage Limit (w S or SL): At w<SL, no volume reduction on drying

12. 12 Plasticity Index (PI) Range of water content over which the soil remains plastic Liquid limit Shrinkage limit Plastic limit 0 water content plastic Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit

13. 13 Classifying Fines Purely based on LL and PI 20 100 500 20 0 40 60 Liquid Limit A-Line PI=0.73(LL-20) Silts Clays High plasticity Low plasticity 35 Intermediate plasticity

14. 14 IS 1726 – 1993 Classification 051250100 % of fines fine grain soilscoarse grain soils X: Coarse G = Gravel S = Sands Y: Fines M = Silts C = Clays A: Gradation W = well graded P = poorly graded B: Plasticity H = LL > 50 I = 35 < LL < 50 L = LL < 35 XA e.g., GP YB e.g., CH XY e.g., SM XA-XY e.g., GP-GC

15. 15 Summary Sieve analysis – for coarse grain soils Hydrometer analysis - for fine grain soils Classifycoarse by GSD and fines by Atterberg limits (PI-LL chart).

16. Classification of Soils 16

17. 17 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Triangular Chart Classification, 1943)

18. 18 Arthur Casagrande Born: August 28, 1902 Migrated to US in US, as research assistant at Bureau of Public Roads, with Karl Terzaghi at M. I. T. Worked on soil classification, shear test and frost action on soil Initiated soil mechanics at Harvard University, 1932

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