1. MINDARIE SENIOR COLLEGE 3A/3B Human Biological Science Homeostatic Dysfunction

2. Hormonal causes of disruptions: Diabetes mellitus Symptom: Symptom: Hyperglycaemia: abnormally high levels of blood glucose. Hyperglycaemia: abnormally high levels of blood glucose. Role of insulin: Role of insulin: Stimulate cells to take in glucose from blood. Stimulate cells to take in glucose from blood. Stimulate conversion of glucose into glycogen by liver and muscle cells. Stimulate conversion of glucose into glycogen by liver and muscle cells. Dysfunction: Dysfunction: Insufficient insulin production or cells resistant to insulin effects. Insufficient insulin production or cells resistant to insulin effects. High levels of blood glucose. High levels of blood glucose. Large quantities of glucose excreted in urine. Large quantities of glucose excreted in urine. Types: Types: Type 1 (insulin dependent diabetes). Type 1 (insulin dependent diabetes). Type 2 (non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes). Type 2 (non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes).

3. Type 1 (insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes ). Cause: Cause: Fault in immune system causes destruction of beta cells in Islets of Langerhans. Fault in immune system causes destruction of beta cells in Islets of Langerhans. No insulin produced. No insulin produced. Treatment: Treatment: Tablets not suitable as insulin is digestible. Tablets not suitable as insulin is digestible. Regular injections of insulin Regular injections of insulin Programmable insulin pump Programmable insulin pump No cure No cure Long Term Effects: Long Term Effects: Kidney failure Kidney failure Heart attack Heart attack Stroke Stroke Amputations Amputations Blindness Blindness Nerve damage Nerve damage

4. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes). Cause: Cause: Insulin is produced but cells do not respond to it. Insulin is produced but cells do not respond to it. Lifestyle disease. Lifestyle disease. Risk factors: Risk factors: Inactivity Inactivity Obesity Obesity Energy rich/low fibre diet Energy rich/low fibre diet Hypertension Hypertension High blood cholesterol High blood cholesterol Smoking Smoking Treatment: Treatment: Often no symptoms – and not diagnosed. Often no symptoms – and not diagnosed. Preventable by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Preventable by adopting a healthy lifestyle. No cure No cure Early diagnosis can lead to successful management. Early diagnosis can lead to successful management. Long Term Effects: Long Term Effects: Heart disease Heart disease stroke stroke Kidney disease Kidney disease Eye problems Eye problems Nerve damage Nerve damage Skin and foot problems. Skin and foot problems.

5. Hormonal causes of disruptions: Excess or deficiency of thyroid hormones. Symptom: Symptom: Too little or too much thyroid hormones (thyroxine and tri- iodothyronine) Too little or too much thyroid hormones (thyroxine and tri- iodothyronine) Role of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine: Role of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine: Stimulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Stimulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Regulate basal metabolic rate. Regulate basal metabolic rate. Influence long term homeostasis of body temperature Influence long term homeostasis of body temperature Dysfunction: Dysfunction: Imbalance in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone from anterior Pituitary leads to imbalance in thyroxine. Imbalance in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone from anterior Pituitary leads to imbalance in thyroxine. Large quantities of glucose excreted in urine. Large quantities of glucose excreted in urine. Types of dysfunction: Types of dysfunction: Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism

6. Hyperthyroidism Cause: Cause: Too much thyroid hormone secreted. Too much thyroid hormone secreted. Types: Types: Graves’ disease (most common form) Graves’ disease (most common form) Enlarged thyroid caused by immune system reaction. Enlarged thyroid caused by immune system reaction. Genetic predisposition. Genetic predisposition. Effects: Effects: Overstimulation of cells Overstimulation of cells restlessness restlessness Rapid heart rate Rapid heart rate Weight loss Weight loss Increased appetite Increased appetite Anxiety/excitable Anxiety/excitable Fatigue Fatigue Sweating Sweating Swings in mood and emotional state. Swings in mood and emotional state. Protruding eye balls – exophthalmia - (Graves’ disease) Protruding eye balls – exophthalmia - (Graves’ disease) (Pres G W H Bush suffered this condition.) (Pres G W H Bush suffered this condition.) Treatment: Treatment: Drugs to block thyroid gland’s use of iodine. Drugs to block thyroid gland’s use of iodine. Surgery to remove all or part of thyroid gland Surgery to remove all or part of thyroid gland Radioactive iodine used to over active thyroid cells. Radioactive iodine used to over active thyroid cells.

7. Hypothyroidism Cause: Cause: Too little thyroid hormone secreted. Too little thyroid hormone secreted. Problems with hypothalamus, pituitary gland or thyroid gland. Problems with hypothalamus, pituitary gland or thyroid gland. More common of the two conditions (6%-10% Australian females suffer) More common of the two conditions (6%-10% Australian females suffer) Lack of iodine in diet prevents thyroid secreting sufficient hormones. Lack of iodine in diet prevents thyroid secreting sufficient hormones. Surgical removal (cancer treatment) of gland or parts of gland. Surgical removal (cancer treatment) of gland or parts of gland. Effects: Effects: Goitre Goitre Thyroid gland becomes enlarged in attempt to produce more hormone. Thyroid gland becomes enlarged in attempt to produce more hormone. Cretinism Cretinism Deficiency of iodine in maternal diet Deficiency of iodine in maternal diet Baby severely mentally and physically retarded, impaired movement and hearing. Baby severely mentally and physically retarded, impaired movement and hearing. Hashimoto’s disease Hashimoto’s disease Immune system attacks thyroid gland Immune system attacks thyroid gland Treatment: Treatment: Inclusion of extra iodine in diet (if this is the cause) Inclusion of extra iodine in diet (if this is the cause) No cure. No cure. Carefully monitored doses of thyroid hormone (tablets) Carefully monitored doses of thyroid hormone (tablets)

8. Behavioural causes of homeostatic disruption Drugs Drugs Non-medicinal drugs may interfere with nerve impulse transmission by binding to receptor sites. Non-medicinal drugs may interfere with nerve impulse transmission by binding to receptor sites. Caffeine Caffeine Effects Effects Stimulates metabolism and CNS Stimulates metabolism and CNS Increases heart rate Increases heart rate Increases kidney blood flow, increasing urine production. Increases kidney blood flow, increasing urine production. Increases pulmonary blood flow and relaxes bronchioles, increasing pulmonary ventilation. Increases pulmonary blood flow and relaxes bronchioles, increasing pulmonary ventilation. Alcohol Alcohol Effects Effects CNS depressant CNS depressant Stimulates insulin secretion, lowering blood sugar levels. Stimulates insulin secretion, lowering blood sugar levels. Inhibits secretion of ADH, increasing urine output and dehydration Inhibits secretion of ADH, increasing urine output and dehydration

9. More behavioural causes of homeostatic disruption Drugs (continued) Drugs (continued) Amphetamine and methamphetamine Amphetamine and methamphetamine Effects Effects Cause release of noradrenaline, dopamine (hormones and neurotransmitters) and serotonin (neurotransmitter) Cause release of noradrenaline, dopamine (hormones and neurotransmitters) and serotonin (neurotransmitter) May enhance alertness, motivation and clear thinking May enhance alertness, motivation and clear thinking Disrupts homeostasis by affecting appetite and weight control Disrupts homeostasis by affecting appetite and weight control MDMA (ecstacy) MDMA (ecstacy) Synthetic amphetamine Synthetic amphetamine Effects Effects Cause release of noradrenaline, dopamine and accumulation of serotonin. Cause release of noradrenaline, dopamine and accumulation of serotonin. Initiates fight or flight syndrome, user feels more energetic Initiates fight or flight syndrome, user feels more energetic Increase heart rate and blood pressure Increase heart rate and blood pressure Increases breathing rate Increases breathing rate Causes sweating and dehydration Causes sweating and dehydration Decreases appetite Decreases appetite In high doses – rapid rise in body temp and BP, heart palpitations, vomiting. In high doses – rapid rise in body temp and BP, heart palpitations, vomiting.

10. More behavioural causes of homeostatic disruption Drugs (continued) Drugs (continued) Cocaine Cocaine Effects Effects Blocks removal of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin from synapse between nerve cells Blocks removal of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin from synapse between nerve cells Stimulates CNS Stimulates CNS Disrupts homeostasis by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, breathing rate, dilating pupils, loss of appetite. Disrupts homeostasis by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, breathing rate, dilating pupils, loss of appetite. Heroin Heroin Effects Effects Used medicinally as strong analgesic. Used medicinally as strong analgesic. When injected recreationally, binds to brain receptors resulting in When injected recreationally, binds to brain receptors resulting in Intense euphoria Intense euphoria Decrease in pain perception Decrease in pain perception Relief from anxiety. Relief from anxiety. Profound effects on homeostasis Profound effects on homeostasis Depresses control of breathing Depresses control of breathing Depressed control of blood pressure and body temperature Depressed control of blood pressure and body temperature Irregular heart rate Irregular heart rate Unconsciousness, coma or death (large dose) Unconsciousness, coma or death (large dose)

11. More behavioural causes of homeostatic disruption Excessive activity Excessive activity Well planned, monitored and not obsessively over taxing exercise levels are beneficial Well planned, monitored and not obsessively over taxing exercise levels are beneficial Excessive activity may cause physical damage to tendons, muscles, ligaments, cartilages, bones and joints. Excessive activity may cause physical damage to tendons, muscles, ligaments, cartilages, bones and joints. Homeostatic dysfunction may result Homeostatic dysfunction may result If nutrition is inadequate muscle may breakdown to source energy If nutrition is inadequate muscle may breakdown to source energy Eating disorders are strongly linked to excessive exercise. Eating disorders are strongly linked to excessive exercise. Great stress on heart may lead to cardiovascular problems Great stress on heart may lead to cardiovascular problems Loss of Calcium deposition may lead to osteoporosis. Loss of Calcium deposition may lead to osteoporosis. Amenorrhoea may occur if energy uptake is inadequate. Amenorrhoea may occur if energy uptake is inadequate.

12. More behavioural causes of homeostatic disruption Eating habits Eating habits Deficiency diseases may result from inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals Deficiency diseases may result from inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals Examples of deficiency: Examples of deficiency: Iodine Iodine Iron Iron Causes anaemia: Causes anaemia: insufficient haemoglobin insufficient haemoglobin Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of RBC’s Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of RBC’s Reduced rate of Cellular Respiration and energy release. Reduced rate of Cellular Respiration and energy release. causing weakness, fatigue, breathlessness, elevated heart rate. causing weakness, fatigue, breathlessness, elevated heart rate. Vitamin B Vitamin B causes Pernicious anaemia (stem cell divisions don’t occur) causes Pernicious anaemia (stem cell divisions don’t occur) Vitamin K Vitamin K Produced by bacteria in large intestine. Produced by bacteria in large intestine. Lack causes reduced blood clotting ability. Lack causes reduced blood clotting ability. Homeostasis compromised if excessive blood is lost. Homeostasis compromised if excessive blood is lost. Energy balance (intake and use) is a complex but essential element of homeostasis. Energy balance (intake and use) is a complex but essential element of homeostasis. Alimentary canal, hormones, CNS (hypothalamus), Autonomic NS are linked. Alimentary canal, hormones, CNS (hypothalamus), Autonomic NS are linked. Imbalances may be caused physically or psychologically. Imbalances may be caused physically or psychologically. Lifestyle, eating habits and natural selection play a role in contributing to obesity epidemic Lifestyle, eating habits and natural selection play a role in contributing to obesity epidemic

13. Homeostatic disruption caused by disease. A disease is any condition in which normal functioning is impaired. A disease is any condition in which normal functioning is impaired. Some diseases have direct effects on homeostasis Some diseases have direct effects on homeostasis  Emphysema: Alveolar walls breakdown, reducing surface area for gas exchange Alveolar walls breakdown, reducing surface area for gas exchange results in difficulty in taking in oxygen results in difficulty in taking in oxygen Cause: Cause: Smoking Smoking Symptoms Symptoms Breathlessness, initially during activity, and eventually, constantly Breathlessness, initially during activity, and eventually, constantly Treatment: Treatment: damage is irreversible damage is irreversible  Fever:  An elevation of body temperature A symptom of a disease A symptom of a disease Cause: Cause: Many infections. Many infections. Symptoms Symptoms 1 or 2 degrees C increase in core temperature. 1 or 2 degrees C increase in core temperature. Effect: Effect: Helps immune system overcome infection Helps immune system overcome infection Disrupts homeostasis by affecting many body reactions - increasing temp beyond optimal range. Disrupts homeostasis by affecting many body reactions - increasing temp beyond optimal range.

14. More homeostatic disruption caused by disease.  Hypertension: Cause: Cause: Homeostatic mechanisms unable to keep blood pressure within normal range Homeostatic mechanisms unable to keep blood pressure within normal range Genetic factors, Genetic factors, excessive salt intake excessive salt intake obesity obesity Inactivity Inactivity High alcohol intake High alcohol intake Kidney disease Kidney disease Poor lifestyle choices Poor lifestyle choices Effects Effects Significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney failure Significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney failure Treatment: Treatment: Adopt a healthy lifestyle Adopt a healthy lifestyle  Injuries: Examples: Examples: Excessive blood loss limits supply of oxygen and glucose, and removal of carbon dioxide and wastes. Excessive blood loss limits supply of oxygen and glucose, and removal of carbon dioxide and wastes. Punctured/collapsed lung impairs gas exchange Punctured/collapsed lung impairs gas exchange Immobility limits venous return Immobility limits venous return Spinal cord injuries reduce innervation of respiratory muscles. Spinal cord injuries reduce innervation of respiratory muscles.

15. Hormonal treatments to homeostatic disruptions Hormone replacement therapy Hormone replacement therapy To treat symptoms of menopausal women To treat symptoms of menopausal women hot flushes and night sweats hot flushes and night sweats Uncomfortable skin sensations Uncomfortable skin sensations Headaches Headaches Thinning and dryness of walls of vagina Thinning and dryness of walls of vagina Aches and pains Aches and pains Frequent urination Frequent urination Reduced libido Reduced libido Tiredness and irritability Tiredness and irritability Mood disturbances, loss of self esteem, depression Mood disturbances, loss of self esteem, depression Sleeping difficulties Sleeping difficulties Treatment Treatment May not require medical intervention May not require medical intervention Severe symptoms may need HRT Severe symptoms may need HRT Oestrogen and progesterone prescribed to counteract loss or irregularities in natural secretions Oestrogen and progesterone prescribed to counteract loss or irregularities in natural secretions Carefully managed doses given as tablets, patches, gels, implants or nasal spray. Carefully managed doses given as tablets, patches, gels, implants or nasal spray. Risks and benefits must be carefully assessed Risks and benefits must be carefully assessed May lead to side effects – bleeding, bloating, breast tenderness, slight increase in risk of breast cancer, CV disease, thrombosis. May lead to side effects – bleeding, bloating, breast tenderness, slight increase in risk of breast cancer, CV disease, thrombosis.

16. More hormonal treatments for homeostatic disruptions Corticosteroids and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Corticosteroids and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis A crippling disease A crippling disease Immune system attacks synovial membrane of joints, causing painful swelling and deformity Immune system attacks synovial membrane of joints, causing painful swelling and deformity Treatment Treatment Corticosteroids, closely related to cortisol (the ‘ stress hormone’ secreted by the adrenal gland) Corticosteroids, closely related to cortisol (the ‘ stress hormone’ secreted by the adrenal gland) Act on immune system to block production of substances which stimulate allergic and inflammatory responses Act on immune system to block production of substances which stimulate allergic and inflammatory responses Side effect – reduce resistance to infection due to interference to WBC’s. Side effect – reduce resistance to infection due to interference to WBC’s. Usage of lowest possible doses must be managed very carefully Usage of lowest possible doses must be managed very carefully

17. Behavioural treatments for homeostatic disruptions Control of reproduction Control of reproduction Intervention in Menstrual Cycle and Ovarian Cycle Intervention in Menstrual Cycle and Ovarian Cycle Hormonal contraception Hormonal contraception Combined Pill (synthetic progesterone and oestrogen) Combined Pill (synthetic progesterone and oestrogen) Prevent ovulation Prevent ovulation Reduce ability of sperm to enter uterus Reduce ability of sperm to enter uterus Reduce likelihood of implantation Reduce likelihood of implantation Mini Pill (progesterone substitute) Mini Pill (progesterone substitute) Thickens mucus plug in cervix preventing entry of sperm Thickens mucus plug in cervix preventing entry of sperm Reliable, effective and allows personal choice. Reliable, effective and allows personal choice. Some risks involved with intervention to normal body functioning Some risks involved with intervention to normal body functioning Combined pill - Headaches, nausea, increased appetite, breast tenderness, increased incidence of heart attacks, strokes, blood clots Combined pill - Headaches, nausea, increased appetite, breast tenderness, increased incidence of heart attacks, strokes, blood clots Mini Pill – fewer complications, but less reliable if not used with discipline. Mini Pill – fewer complications, but less reliable if not used with discipline. Female infertility Female infertility Drugs, synthetic forms of pituitary hormones, can be used to induce ovulation Drugs, synthetic forms of pituitary hormones, can be used to induce ovulation High risk of multiple pregnancy High risk of multiple pregnancy Use of in-vitro fertilization Use of in-vitro fertilization Side effects to hormones, multiple pregnancies, premature birth must be considered. Side effects to hormones, multiple pregnancies, premature birth must be considered. Male infertility Male infertility Problem with up to 50% of infertile couples due to male sperm problems Problem with up to 50% of infertile couples due to male sperm problems Treatment with gonadotrophins over several months may help. Treatment with gonadotrophins over several months may help.