1. European conference on Human Centred Design for Intelligent Transport Systems Nur Khairiel Anuar 5 th June 2014 AIRPORT ROAD ACCESS DESIGN SOLUTIONS: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF WAYFINDING SYSTEMS

2. Outline Introduction Signage Information System Navigation System Conceptual framework Wayfinding issues Future Work Contributions and Conclusions

3. Introduction Wayfinding aid people navigate from one place to another. Drivers’ wayfinding is defined as a process in which people make a decision to navigate using information support systems and arrive at the destination successfully (Author, 2014). Montello and Sas (2006); Butler et al. (1993); Charpman and Grant (2002); Lynch (1960) Easy to navigateFind the way back Identify locationBest road access Safe and on-timeArrived successfully

4. Signage Information System Signage is a tool that aid in wayfinding. Signage information represents a form of social control to limit people movements and behaviour. Signage provides a directional guidance and reassure drivers about intended location. Drivers use two immediate elements of wayfinding: Choices – quick choice at decision points. Clues - any signs and physical architecture along the road. Findlay and Southwell (2004); Transport Scotland (2013); Raubal and Egenhofer (1998)

5. Signage Information System Best signage design (Transport Scotland, 2013): fewest signs / smallest size / simplest form. signs information clarity – fonts / colours. Signage: specific, designed and placed in accordance with national standard (Mitchell, 2010). conspicuous, understandable and located at sufficient distance from the choice point (ACRP, 2011). - enough time to detect, read and make a decision.

6. Signage Information System Transport Scotland (2013) IndicatorIssues Traffic directionMany signs are erected in order to direct traffic. Some of the signs are not entirely necessary. The regulations may suggest that sets of signs should be erected but there might be flexibility to vary the number and size in certain circumstances SafetyToo much signage encourages drivers’ complacency which contributes to accident risk. It is important to carry out a thorough evaluation to ensure that only the minimum extra provision is made Adequacy of information Pressures by business, road users and tourism agencies for information signs alongside roads allocation. The effectiveness of existing signs, or related signage information is necessary

7. Navigation System An integrated system of traditional and modern wayfinding elements. Satellite Navigation System (Sat Nav). Route guidance - using visual and audio. Shortest route. Unfamiliar area - journey distance were shorter (TNO, 2007). Fewest navigational errors. Issue: 1. Vocal direction vs. screen display 2. Frequency of glances 3. Duration of glances Parkes (1993); Streeter et al. (1985); Burnett (2000); Bhise and Rockwell (1973)

8. Navigation System 4. Drivers have difficulties to follow the Sat Nav system. too concentrate on signage and focus on road - stress, delay and potentially unsafe road behaviour such as late lane changes. To increase road safety, the adaption of traditional (i.e. signage) and modern (i.e. Sat Nav) wayfinding has been recommended. May et al. (2005)

9. Conceptual Framework Drivers’ wayfinding process (Author, 2014)

10. Wayfinding Issues The lack of wayfinding provision in airport areas has discouraged the interests of drivers. –Darken and Sibert (1996); Burns (1998); Montello and Sas (2006). Many airports have not established the concept of ‘simple, functional and less is more’ on airport navigation system. –Harding (2012) Drivers experience most difficulties to understand a complete wayfinding process which stimulates a distraction while driving. too much advertising signage in airport road access areas could increase confusion of drivers and road accident. -Bhise et al. (1973); May et al. (2005); Mitchell (2010); Wener et al. (1983)

11. Wayfinding Issues Airport has less attractive and competitive than neighbouring airports (Alhussein, 2011). -airport roadway signs should look and operate like other roadway signs (ACRP, 2011). Lack of attention has possibly created some inflexibility in cost and benefit structures. may influence the provision of wayfinding and road safety as part of airport road access design (Litman, 2009). Assessment the effects on the cost, benefit, wayfinding and road safety is necessary (Carsten and Tate, 2005; O’neill, 1991).

12. Future Work 1. Driving simulation Drivers and architectural clues (i.e. signs, map and building) will be included in driving wayfinding simulation, taking into account of drivers’ knowledge and driving experiences. The combined of drivers’ choice (decision) and clues (i.e. sign message) in real world can be measured through virtual simulation. Raubal and Egenhofer (1998)

13. Future Work Real-world to simulation experiment (virtual) Real world environment and information Driver Real knowledge Simulated environment Respondent Simulation knowledge Action Choices-clues Action Cause-effect relationship

14. Contributions and Conclusions 1.Better understanding and improvement of airport wayfinding information support systems for alternative airport road access design solutions. 2.Integration of traditional and modern wayfinding to enhance the interaction on sign information. 3.To facilitate the safe and efficient movement of passengers within each airport and from one airport to another through the uniform application of wayfinding best practices and common design criteria. Thank you

15. References Bhise, V.D. and Rockwell, T.H., (1973), Development of a methodology for evaluating road signs, Transportation Research Board, USA. Burnett, G. (2000), “Turn right at the traffic lights: The requirement for landmarks in vehicle navigation systems", Journal of Navigation, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 499- 510. Butler, D. L., Acquino, A. L., Hissong, A. A. and Scott, P. A. (1993), "Wayfinding by newcomers in a complex building", Human factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 159-173. Findlay, C. and Southwell, K. (2004), "'I just followed my nose': understanding visitor wayfinding and information needs at forest recreation sites", Managing Leisure, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 227-240.

16. References Lynch, K. (1960), The image of the city, MIT press. May, A. J., Ross, T. and Bayer, S. H. (2005), "Incorporating landmarks in driver navigation system design: an overview of results from the REGIONAL project", Journal of Navigation, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 47-65. Montello, D. R. and Sas, C. (2006), "Human factors of wayfinding in navigation". Parkes, A. and Franzen, S. (1993), Driving future vehicles, available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ce3pkpxlhZQC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq =Route+Guidance+Devices:+Too+Many,+Too+Soon&source=bl&ots=V2P9EmD iqY&sig=GPysgRJFcYOisSq1mXCT_b_8s_A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u5I8UvGEDeKS 0AWm1YDQBA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Route%20Guidance%20 Devices%3A%20Too%20Many%2C%20Too%20Soon&f=false (accessed 5th September 2013). http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ce3pkpxlhZQC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq =Route+Guidance+Devices:+Too+Many,+Too+Soon&source=bl&ots=V2P9EmD iqY&sig=GPysgRJFcYOisSq1mXCT_b_8s_A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u5I8UvGEDeKS 0AWm1YDQBA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Route%20Guidance%20 Devices%3A%20Too%20Many%2C%20Too%20Soon&f=false

17. References Raubal, M. and Egenhofer, M. J. (1998), "Comparing the complexity of wayfinding tasks in built environments", Environment and Planning B, vol. 25, pp. 895-914. Streeter, L. A., Vitello, D. and Wonsiewicz, S. A. (1985), "How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids", International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 549-562. Transport Scotland (2013), Road furniture in the countryside, available at: http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/strategy-and-research/publications-and- consultations/j7538-00.htm (accessed 9th April 2013). http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/strategy-and-research/publications-and- consultations/j7538-00.htm