1. Effective Use of Paraprofessionals
Washington County School District
Department of Special Education

2. …a rose by any other name…
Paraeducator
Paraprofessional
Teacher Assistant
Teacher Aide
Para
There are 21 titles for “paraprofessionals”

3. What is a Paraprofessional?
Paraprofessionals are to assist and support the teacher in delivering services to students with disabilities.

4. The National Resource Center for Paraprofessionals (NCRP) defines paraprofessionals as follows:
PARAEDUCATORS/PARAPROFESSIONALS are school/agency employees
Whose positions are either instructional in nature or who provide other direct services to children and youth and/or their families.
Who work under the supervision of teachers or professional practitioners who are responsible for a) the design, implementation, and assessment of learner progress, and b) the evaluation of the effectiveness of learning programs and related services for children and youth and/or their families (Pickett, 1989).
PARAEDUCATORS/PARAPROFESSIONALS are school/agency employees who assist and support teacher directed instruction (Gerlach, 2003)

5. District Support
Designated personnel in the district office have the primary responsibility for:
Recruiting, screening, and hiring paraprofessionals.
Developing appropriate job descriptions.
Developing appropriate policies for the employment and training of paraprofessionals.
Introduce paraprofessionals to district policies and procedures.
Introduce paraprofessionals to professional organizations such as the National Education Association (NEA), American Federation of Teachers (AFT), and the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

6. Overview of the Paraprofessional Employment Process
Beginning January 1, 2006, anyone interested in employment with the Washington County School District as a Special Education Teacher Assistant/Para Professional will be required to complete the following training modules which consist of 4 phases.
PHASE I Pre-employment Orientation
“This is a Special Education Paraprofessional”
Time required: approximately 1 hour prior to interview
PHASE II New Employee Inservice
“Introduction to the Basics”
Time required: hours within 60 days of hire
PHASE III Increasing Competence
Time required: approximately 1 hour per month…ongoing
PHASE IV Skill Building (optional)

7. New Paras
Beginning July 1, 2006, new paraprofessionals will be given a Special Education Welcome Packet.
The packet contains 2 assignments/activities that special education teachers need to be aware of.

8. Orientation Activities for Paras
Site Orientation Activity
This activity has been designed to ensure that paras are successful in their new assignment.
The activity requires them to become more familiar with their work site.
When they have finished the activity, their supervising teacher needs to sign it.
Then the para makes a copy and sends it to the Paraprofessional Specialist at the district office.

9. Orientation Activities for Paras
The Paraprofessional Training Manual
The Department of Special Education has written a comprehensive training manual that is now only accessible from the district web site.
Each supervising teacher needs an answer key for the end of chapter quizzes.

10. The Paraprofessional Training Manual
Paras are encouraged to discuss concepts from the manual that are unclear to them
The manual can be used by teachers as a resource for on-the-job training and staff meetings

11. The Paraprofessional Training Manual
Table of Contents
Chapter I EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION
Philosophy of Special Education
Chapter II SPECIAL EDUCATION POLICIES
Definition of Disabilities
Special Education Process
Chapter III OVERVIEW OF INSTRUCTIONAL AND BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Terms
Overview of Behavior Management
Motivating Students
Instructional Methods
Time Management
Chapter IV DATA COLLECTION AND OBSERVATION
Chapter V COLLABORATIVE PROCESSES
Appendix
A. Feeding Guidelines for Students with Disabilities
B. Transfer Guidelines for Students with Severe Disabilities
Guidelines for Speech/Language and Hearing Assistants
D. Job description for Severe Paraprofessionals
E. Job description for Motor Paraprofessionals
Job description for Behavior Technicians
Index

12. The Department of Special Education
The Department of SPED will support the Teacher-Paraprofessional team by:
Providing a clearly defined role.
Meeting with all new teachers to make sure they understand their responsibilities in directing the work of paraprofessionals.
Determine what local, state, and federal legal mandates exist for paraprofessional staff development and supervision.
Providing professional development opportunities for paraprofessionals and those who supervise them.
Design a professional development plan for paraprofessionals.

13. The Department of Special Education has designated the following paraprofessional positions:
Resource Paraprofessional
Severe Paraprofessional
Speech / Language Paraprofessional
Motor Paraprofessional
Preschool Paraprofessional

14. Professional Development Plan for Paraprofessionals
STANDARDS
and
CORE COMPETENCIES
were approved by the USOE and are based on NCLB and IDEA ‘04

15. Professional Development Plan for Paraprofessionals
Teachers are expected to support paras in their professional development.
Training will be provided through various means.
The SpEd page of the district website has a link to Para Resources and the Newsletter will include information.
Teachers will provide on-the-job training.
Recognition will be an important component of paraprofessional development

16. The Department of Special Education
The Special Education page of the district website has a tab for Para Resources.
There is a link to:
-this presentation: “Effective Use of Paraprofessionals”
- The Paraeducator Training Manual
-a pre-employment orientation: “Paraprofessional 101”

17. ROLES

18. Paraprofessional Roles
The work performed by paras will vary depending upon teachers’ expectations, paraeducators’ skills and experience, and job assignment. Paraeducators are primarily responsible for assisting and supporting teachers or other certified or licensed staff.

19. Major Responsibilities
Work as a team
Build and maintain effective communication
Maintain student-centered supportive environments
Implement lessons initiated by the teacher or related-service personnel
Assess student needs and progress under teacher direction.

20. Other important responsibilities
Learn school policies and procedures
Perform assigned tasks
Support curriculum and instruction
Deal with student behavior
Work with teachers and other supervisors
Assist students with special needs
Obtain training and professional development
Maintain ethics and professionalism

21. Major Responsibilities of Teachers in supervising paras
Plan the tasks that paras will perform
Develop schedules for paras
Appropriately delegate responsibilities to paras
Monitor the day-to-day performance of paras
Provide feedback and on-the-job training to paras
Share relevant information about para strengths and training needs to principals and district Department of SPED

22. Other important responsibilities
Introduce the para to your classroom
Provide clear instructions and complete information
Assign and delegate tasks
Discuss curriculum and instruction
Discuss student behavior
Promote training and professional development
Give feedback and recognition

23. Ideas to effectively utilize and supervise paraprofessionals
As teachers, we’re trained to deal with kids. We’re not trained to deal with adults.
When working with another adult in the classroom, take a leadership role. Start by getting to know each other.

24. Ideas to effectively utilize and supervise paraprofessionals
Clarify roles and responsibilities
Strengthen interpersonal communication

25. Competency Areas for Teachers Who Supervise Paraprofessionals
Communicating with Paras
Planning and scheduling
Providing instructional support
Modeling for Paras
Managing the work of Paras
Providing On-the-Job Training
Advocating for involvement and professional development

26. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Consider the impact of the decision.
Consider the inadvertent detrimental effects such as student dependence, interference with peer interaction, limited involvement of the general ed. teacher with the student, isolation of the student.
Assignment of a one-on-one para should be considered temporary.

27. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
In too many cases, reliance on para support results in the least trained, least qualified individuals assuming the primary educational responsibilities for students who have the most complex learning challenges.

28. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Determination is not based on categorical labels (e.g. autism, deafness, blindness, severe emotional disturbance, etc.)

29. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Look beyond student characteristics by encouraging alternative solutions:
Peer supports
Grouping changes
Problem solving strategies
Identification of personnel training needs
Evaluation procedures to assess the continued need for para support

30. Common criteria for deciding on para support
Student needs assistance in self-care (toileting, feeding, dressing, mobility)
Student needs intensive assistance in the area of communication support.
Student behavior poses a disruption in the classroom.
Student poses a direct safety risk to him/herself or others.
Student needs intensive on-going support in vital areas (academics, functional skills, re-direction) to benefit from instruction.

31. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Rely on collaborative teamwork
Build capacity in the school to support all students.
Consider para supports individually and judiciously
Clarify the reasons why para supports are being considered
Match the identified needs and the skill of the person to provide the supports.

32. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Explore opportunities for natural supports.
Consider school and classroom characteristics.
Consider special educator and related services caseloads.
Explore administrative and organizational changes.
Consider if para support is a temporary measure.

33. Guidelines for determining the need for paraprofessional support
Is it acceptable for students with disabilities to be educated by paraprofessionals whereas students without disabilities receive their instruction from certified teachers?
Are we willing to acknowledge that the challenges we face may have less to do with individual student characteristics and perhaps as much to do with our own attitudes and practices?

34. Conclusion
Paraprofessionals play a major role in the education of students with disabilities. They are part of a collaborative team where their role is clearly defined and their work is appropriately planned and supported.