1. Postgraduate Course Evidence-based management: Formulate a focused question

2. Postgraduate Course The 5 steps of EBP 1.Formulate a focused question (Ask) 2. Search for the best available evidence (Acquire) 3. Critically appraise the evidence (Appraise) 4. Integrate the evidence with your professional expertise and apply (Apply) 5. Monitor the outcome (Assess)

3. Postgraduate Course Asking the right question? Effect vs Non-effect

4. Postgraduate Course Types of questions: effect Does it work? Does it work better than....? Does it have an effect on....? What is the success factor for....? What is required to make it work...? Will it do more good than harm? Effect

5. Postgraduate Course Types of questions: non-effect Needs:What do people want or need? Attitude:What do people think or feel? Experience: What are peoples’ experiences? Prevalence:How many / often do people / organizations...? Procedure: How can we implement...? Process:How does it work? Explanation:Why / how does it work? Economics:How much does it cost?

6. Postgraduate Course Focused question?  Does team-building work?  What are the costs and benefits of self-steering teams?  What are the success factors for culture change?  Does management development improve the performance of managers?  Does employee participation prevent resistance to change?  How do employees feel about 360 degree feedback?

7. Postgraduate Course  What is a ‘team’?  What kind of teams?  In what contexts/settings?  What counts as ‘team-building’?  What does ‘work’ mean?  What outcomes are relevant?  Over what time periods? Focused question?  Does team-building work?

8. Postgraduate Course P =Population I = Intervention (or success factor) C = Comparison O = Outcome / Objectives C = Context Focused question: PICOC

9. Postgraduate Course Example: merger

10. Postgraduate Course Focused question: PICOC Imagine you are a consultant, your client is the board of directors of a large Canadian health-care organization. The board of directors has plans for a merger with a smaller healthcare organization in a nearby town. However, it’s been said that the organizational culture differs widely between the two organizations. The board of directors asks you if this culture-difference can impede a successful outcome of a merger. Most of them intuitively sense that cultural differences matter, but they want an evidence-based advice.

11. Postgraduate Course Answerable question: PICOC What else would you like to know?

12. Postgraduate Course Answerable question: PICOC What kind of Population are we talking about? Middle managers, back-office employees, medical staff, clerical staff? P: What kind of Population are we talking about? Middle managers, back-office employees, medical staff, clerical staff? O: What kind of Outcome are we aiming for? Employee productivity, return on investment, profit margin, competitive position, innovation power, market share, customer satisfaction? P/C: And how is the assumed cultural difference assessed? Is it the personal view of some managers or is it measured by a validated instrument?

13. Postgraduate Course According to the board the objective of the merger is to integrate the back-office of the two organizations (ICT, finance, purchasing, facilities, personnel administration, etc.) in order to create economy of scale. The front offices and primary process of the two organizations will remain separate. The cultural difference is not objectively assessed (it is the perception of the senior managers of both organizations). Answerable question: PICOC

14. Postgraduate Course P =back office employees I = merger, integration back office C = status quo O = economy of scale C = healthcare, different organizational culture, unequal Answerable question: PICOC

15. Postgraduate Course P =Population I = Intervention or successfactor C = Comparison O = Outcome C = Context Focused question: PICOC Focused question: PICOC  Employee productivity?  Job satisfaction?  Return on investment?  Market share?  Organizational commitment?

16. Postgraduate Course Does a difference in organizational culture affect a successful integration of back-office functions during a merger between two healthcare organizations of unequal size? Focused question Focused question

17. Postgraduate Course 4 sources of evidence Use the 4 sources of evidence to formulate sub questions