1. A Seminar by NIRC –ICAI on 10.08.2013. Presentation by Mrs.M.Vedavalli
Rupee Impact on Indian Architecture
A Seminar by NIRC –ICAI on Presentation by Mrs.M.Vedavalli

2. Rupees Stability and Monetary Policy
The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India Act describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as:
"...to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage."
Financial stability has also become an objective since 2000
Monetary Policy was the first line of defence in a currency crisis.

3. The Monetary Policy IMPLEMENTATION/ TACTICS STRATEGY
Instruments
Operating objectives/ targets
Intermediate targets
Indicators of goal variables
Indicators of policy stance
Final
Goals
1. Official interest rates
2. Reserve requirements
3. Market operations
4. Direct controls.
1. Short term money market rates
2. Bank reserves
1. Exchange Rates
2. Longer-term interest rates
3. Money/credit
4. Asset prices
5. Long-term growth
1. Price stability
2. Long-term growth
3. Financial Stability

4. Monetary Policy in Globalised World
Impossible Trinity Trilemma
Simultaneous Maintenance of 3 Policy Goals not possible
Free Capital Flows
Fixed Exchange Rate
Independent Monetary Policy

5. Monetary Policy in Globalised World
If Open Economy with Independent Monetary Policy
Then Drop Fixed Exchange Rate
If Exchange Rate is pegged
then forego independent monetary policy
India’s Position
Middle Path - giving up on some flexibility on each of the variables to maximize overall macroeconomic advantage.

6. India’s Middle Path
(i) Exchange rate largely market determined, but intervention in the market to smooth excess volatility and/or to prevent disruptions to macroeconomic stability;
(ii) Capital account is only partly open; NO FCAC
(iii) Because of the liberalization on the exchange rate and capital account fronts, some monetary policy independence is forfeited.
Always vigilant on all the three fronts with emphasis shifting across the three pillars depending upon the macroeconomic environment.

7. Forex Reserves
In India, foreign exchange reserves are defined as external assets which are readily available to & controlled by RBI for meeting BoP financing needs, for intervention in exchange markets to contain the volatility of exchange rate of the rupee and for other related purposes.

8. Forex Reserves contd….
At present, reserves include foreign currency assets of the RBI, gold, SDRs & Reserve Tranche Position in the IMF which conforms to international best practices as suggested in the IMF manual.
Since 1993, the RBI has intervened in the forex market to keep an orderly movement in the value of the rupee. This approach kept the economy on track, but now the volatility in rupee movement threatens its derailment.

9. During 2012-13, there was a decline in the foreign exchange reserves
During , there was a decline in the foreign exchange reserves. The sources of variation in the foreign exchange reserves are set out in Table below.

10. On a balance of payments basis (i. e
On a balance of payments basis (i.e., excluding valuation effects), the foreign exchange reserves increased by US$ 3.8 billion during as against a decline of US$ 12.8 billion during The foreign exchange reserves in nominal terms (including the valuation effects) declined by US$ 2.4 billion during as compared to a  decline of US$ 10.4 billion during the previous year .

11. Introduction : Journey of E.C.
EC was introduced on as a temporary measure under Defence of India Rules, 1939.
Placed on statutory basis by enacting F.E.R. Act, 1947 w.e.f
F.E.R. Act, 1947 was replaced by F.E.R. Act, 1973 w.e.f
BoP crisis were experienced in 1990.
Reforms process started in 1991 onwards.
The object of all the above – conservation of F.E. resources of the country and utilisation thereof in the interest of the economic development of the country.

12. Phases of EC EC has been in existence since 2009
Control regime
Reforms regime
2000 onwards FEMA regime
EC has been in existence since 2009
These 7 decades can be divided into distinct three phases.

13. Structural Reforms initiated
Announcement of New Industrial Policy 1990.
Adoption of floating exchange rates based on market forces, i.e. demand and supply (LERMS / U-LERMS).
Liberalisation and simplification of the procedure / documentation.
Delegation of powers to Authorised Dealers.
Amendment to F.E.R. Act, 1973 in 1993.
Adoption of article VIII of IMF accepting full convertibility of current account w.e.f
Constitution of Committee on Capital Account Convertibility in 1997.
Replacement of FERA, 1973 by FEMA, 1999
FCAC 2006

14. Salient features of FEMA1.
Shift in Objective (facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India ). 2.
Fx transactions catagorised – Current / Capital. 3.
Government (current a/c.)/ RBI (capital a/c.) powers clearly demarcated.

15. Forex Transactions
Capital account transaction” means a transaction which alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or liabilities in India of persons resident outside India
Underlying principle – current account transactions which are not restricted are permitted (negative list); whereas capital account regulations indicate the transactions which are permitted (positive list)

16. Current account transactions
Govt. by rules notified under Sec.5 of FEMA, 1999.
Categorized in three schedules –
Sch. I- prohibited items (8)
Sch. II- subject to Govt. approval (10)
Sch. III- subject to RBI approval (13)
All current a/c. transactions are undertaken by APs under delegated powers.

17. Capital account transactions
Governed by regulations notified by RBI in consultation with GoI.
Separate regulations for investments, borrowings, lending, deposits, export and import of currency, guarantees, surrender of foreign exchange, foreign currency accounts, remittance of assets, immovable property, derivative contracts, etc
Most of the transactions could be undertaken under the general permission

18. Need for Rules and Regulations
India is not fully convertible on Capital account.
The indicative limits on few current account transactions are designed for restricting capital transfers through current account.
Regulating the forex market.
Realisation & repatriation of export proceeds and surrender of forex earnings are mandatory.
One of the counter party to any forex transactions should be an AP, licensed by RBI.

19. Capital account convertibility- Approach
It is a process not an event.
Gradual implementation.
Guided by FCAC Report and consistent with macro-economic and global developments and ability to meet concomitants.
Cautious implementation to avoid back-tracking.
Extremely cautious about two areas-
Unlimited access to short term external commercial borrowings for meeting working capital and other domestic requirements.
Providing unrestricted freedom to domestic residents to convert their domestic bank deposits and idle assets such as real estate in response to market developments or exchange rate expectations.

20. Lessons from Country Experiences
Even under fully convertible environment, prudential safeguards are necessary to insulate the economies from potential capital account crises
Gradual approach to liberalization is being used as a tool for furtherance of sound macro-economic and prudential policies
Exchange rate flexibility is important while undertaking capital account convertibility

21. Lessons from Country Experiences
Liberalization can be beneficial when countries move in tandem with strong macroeconomic policies, sound financial systems and markets, supplemented by prudential regulations and robust supervisory framework, accounting and disclosure standards
Emerging markets which failed to mitigate the flows through sterilization had to re-impose capital controls (recent examples of Thailand, Colombia, Brazil, etc) or backtracked

22. Active capital account management
A variety of measures to manage the flows for reducing overheating, currency appreciation and vulnerability to sharp reversal of flows
Monetary policy measures
Prudential measures
Capital control measures and liberalization of outflows

23. Issues and challenges
The risks of CAC, trigger from inadequate preparedness in terms of prudential regulation and supervision, development of markets, instruments for risk transfer, copious capital flows, sudden reversal of flows
Actual implementation should be dictated by macroeconomic conditions, unusual events
Large capital flows and sudden reversals have warranted a revisit to the policy of liberalization
Asymmetry in policy related issues- fiscal, markets, etc

24. How Capital Flows? Capital flows – not steady but volatile.
Respond to both push and pull factors.
Push factors the monetary stance of advanced economy central banks - determines the liquidity in the global system
the need of global investors for asset diversification. Pull factors : Promise of growth in Emerging Economies, their stable and credible policy environments and improved governance.

25. Adequacy of Reserves To gauge the ability to absorb external shocks
Traditional approach - in terms of import cover
Size, composition and risk profiles of various types of capital flows
Types of external shocks to which the economy is vulnerable

26. Adequacy of Reserves
Usable foreign exchange reserves >scheduled amortisation of foreign currency debts (assuming no rollovers) during the following year
"Liquidity at Risk" rule that takes into account the foreseeable risks that a country could face.

27. Global Financial Crisis
Sub- Prime Crisis in USA. Collapse of the leading US investment banks in August-September 2008.
Problem of contagion – across markets, across institutions and across countries.
Risk aversion, deleveraging and frozen money markets – Increase in the cost of funds
Lesson: Irrespective of the degree of globalisation of a country and the soundness of its domestic policies, a financial crisis could spread to every economy. De Coupling Theory proved wrong

28. Impact of Financial Crisis in Indian Real Sector
Moderation in growth in the second half of in comparison with the robust growth performance in the preceding five years (8.8 % p.a)
Negative growth in industrial output in Q4 of – a decline for the first time since the mid-1990s.
Erosion of external demand affected industrial performance

29. Crisis Impinging on Monetary Policy
Unprecedented international transmission of liquidity shocks
Falling asset prices -uncertainty about valuation of the traded instruments affected market liquidity
Failure of leading global financial institutions and the deleveraging process tightened the market for funding liquidity.
Growing risk of illiquidity cascading into solvency problems- credit and quantitative easing acquired priority in most central banks.

30. Action Taken
The contagion warranted swift monetary and fiscal policy responses to ensure
orderly functioning of markets,
preserving financial stability,
Moderating its adverse effects on growth.  
Measures taken for improving domestic and foreign currency liquidity through rate cuts, CRR cut, additional liquidity support, Easing of ECB norms, relaxing interest rate ceiling on forex deposits, borrowing norms for banks, loans to mutual funds, introduction of currency futures, FCEBs etc.

31. Aftermath of Crisis
Quantitative easing policies of advanced economy central banks.
Global system awash with liquidity.
Capital flown into EMEs, posing the familiar problem of capital surges.
The tail risks to global recovery had eased in the early part of the year.

32. Impact
Changes in the Reserve Bank’s policy rates were quickly transmitted to the money and debt markets.
Transmission to the credit market was slow due to several structural rigidities in the system, especially the dominance of fixed term deposit liabilities in banks’ balance sheets at fixed interest rates.

33. Growth V/s Inflation Dynamics
Monetary policy stance over the last two years has predominantly been shaped by the growth-inflation dynamics, even as external sector concerns have had a growing influence on policy calibration over the last one year.
The current situation – moderating wholesale price inflation, prospects of softening of food inflation consequent on a robust monsoon, and decelerating growth – would have provided a reasonable case for continuing on the easing stance.

34. Bernanke’s Announcement Effect
Flash turmoil in the financial markets in late May because of the ‘announcement effect’ of the tapering of quantitative easing (QE) by the US Fed
Market expectations of QE taper and the consequent increase in real interest rates in the US have translated into a rapid appreciation of the US dollar and consequent depreciation of EDE currencies.
Commodity prices generally softened, but the price of crude remains elevated.

35. Indian Scene
Risks to growth increased notwithstanding the robust onset and spread of the monsoon.
Industrial production slumped, with lead indications of declining order books and input price pressures building on rupee depreciation. services sector activity is also subdued in part because of adverse spillovers from tepid recovery around the world.
Export performance undermined, even as heightened volatility in capital flows has raised external funding risks.
Outflows of portfolio investment particularly from the debt segment. Ensuing exchange market volatility.
Wholesale price inflation pressures are on the ebb, but retail inflation remains high.

36. CAD worrying Factor
Rupee dollar rate touched a record low of Rs on August 6, 2013 as compared to Rs as on May 9, 2013.
The CAD moderated to 3.6 per cent of GDP in Q4 of , down from 6.5 per cent in Q3, due to narrowing of the trade deficit. However, for as a whole, the CAD was 4.8 per cent of GDP, well above the sustainable level of 2.5 per cent of GDP.
In the current year, the trade deficit widened during Q1 over its level a year ago, mainly on account of deteriorating export performance. Financing came by way of higher FDI, net ECBs and accretion to non-resident deposits, with some use of reserves.

37. Measures Initiated by RBI & GOI
June 4 : To curb import demand, import of gold on consignment basis was restricted on June 4
June 5: customs duty was raised
July 8 : Banks restricted to trade only on behalf of their clients in currency futures/options markets, exposure norms tightened, Margins on currency derivatives raised to check speculative activities.
July 15: MSF rate raised by 200 bps to per cent, overall access by way of repos under the LAF restricted to Rs.750 billion.

38. RBI Measures
July 18, 2013: Dedicated Special Repo window for a notified amount of Rs. 250 billion for liquidity support to mutual funds to tide over redemption problem.
July 22, 2013: All nominated banks/entities to ensure that at least one fifth of imported gold is exclusively made available for the purpose of exports. Any import of gold under any type of scheme will have to follow this 20/80 formula. Consequent to this, the earlier instructions banning the import of gold on consignment basis were withdrawn.

39. RBI Measures
July 23, 2013 : Access to LAF by way of repos at each individual bank level restricted to 0.5 per cent of the bank’s own NDTL effective July 24, 2013.
The cash reserve ratio (CRR), which banks have to maintain on a fortnightly average basis subject to a daily minimum requirement of 70 per cent, was modified to require banks to maintain a daily minimum of 99 per cent of the requirement.
August 8, 2013: RBI will auction Government of India Cash Management Bills for a notified amount of Rs. 22,000 crore once every week on Mondays.

40. Impact on Economy

41. Impact on Economy
Growth projection for is revised downwards from 5.7 per cent to 5.5 per cent.
Sharp depreciation of the rupee since mid-May is expected to pass through in the months ahead to domestic fuel inflation as well as to non-food manufactured products inflation through its import content. Price of Imported coal goes up leading to power tariff increase which in turn will impact the common man. Supply constraints in food and infrastructure fuelling inflation.
It comes down to the common man, it leads to inflationary trends, and therefore it also affects the interest rates.
CAD > sustainable level for 3 years in row. External vulnerability indicators have deteriorated. Economy’s resilience to external shocks is eroded and structural reforms required.
Increase in resources raised by commercial sector from domestic banks and from abroad, especially through external commercial borrowings (ECBs) and foreign direct investment (FDI).

42. Reserve Bank’s Stance
The four broad contours of monetary policy stance are:
to address the risks to macroeconomic stability from external shocks;
to continue to address the heightened risks to growth;
to guard against re-emergence of inflation pressures; and
to manage liquidity conditions to ensure adequate credit flow to the productive sectors of the economy.

43. RBI’s Guidance
The recent liquidity tightening measures by the Reserve Bank are aimed at checking undue volatility in the foreign exchange market and will be rolled back in a calibrated manner as stability is restored to the foreign exchange market.

44. THANK YOU!!!!