1. UNDESTANDING GENE FUNCTION - I
IN THIS SECTION:
INHERITANCE – MENDELIAN GENETICS
ARABIDOPSIS REPRODUCTION
SEGREGATION
Julian Avila

2. THINK ABOUT THIS PROBLEM
Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated:
ERECTA-YFP in the er105 mutant background
mCherry in the wild type background
Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background?
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW THAT YOU DO NOT KNOW ALREADY

3. Bio 416 Torii
GREGOR MENDEL
“Even if he as a man was subsequently over-lionized by men with their own agendas, even if he was not in fact the heroic father of genetics he was made out to be, that should not diminish what Gregor Mendel truly was: a man with a vision, and the dedication to carry it to its brilliant, radical conclusion.”
The Monk in the Garden
The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics  By ROBIN MARANTZ HENIG
Adapted from teaching tools: PLANT CELL, copy right American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB)
week 1, handout 1 3

4. The Arabidopsis genome is small
149,000 Mb
The Arabidopsis genome is small
5,000 Mb
Pisum sativum
4,300 Mb
135 Mb x
135,000,000
149,000,000,000

5. THE LAWS OF INHERITANCEx x
Yellow is dominant
Green is recessive
There are invisible factors that provide these traits
7 characters were studied

6. MENDEL’S WORK REVEALS THE LAWS OF INHERITANCE
Deconstruct an organism into divisible masses of simple biological atoms called ''traits.'‘
Some traits are physicial. height, eye color, ear shape and such.
Other traits were mental: intelligence, creativity, bravery, musical ability, idiocy. Mendelians offered rules and patterns for inheritance.
The Prince of Peas, August 27, 2000 The New York Times Book Reviews, Joe Cain
Adapted from teaching tools: PLANT CELL, copy right American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB)

7. Eugenicists pressed on, suggesting ways to sort these units in human groups by scientific breeding, sterilization and worse.
The Prince of Peas, August 27, 2000 The New York Times Book Reviews, Joe Cain

8. Norman Borlaug

9. Let’s talk about pollination
Inheritance
In A. thaliana style
Let’s talk about pollination
Pics by Jürgen Berger / Heiko Schoof,
Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 

10. Arabidopsis Reproductive
Organs
STAMEN
PISTIL
Stigma
Anther
Style
Ovary
Filament
Ovule
Embryo Sac
 Exp Bot October 1, 2002 vol. 53no. 377 

11. Arabidopsis Gametes Pagnussat et al. 2007
Pics by Jürgen Berger / Heiko Schoof,
Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 
Pics by Jürgen Berger / Heiko Schoof,
Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 

12. Pollination in Arabidopsis
Bio 416 Torii
Pollination in
Arabidopsis
Anja Geitmann, University of Montreal
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Cover photo: Pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The epifluorescence image of an aniline blue-stained Lz-0 pistil 8 hours after self-pollination shows high self-compatibility with pollen tubes growing through the stigma, style, and ovary before finally targeting the ovules and effecting fertilization. See Dwyer et al. (pp. 985–994). Image courtesy of Mikhail E. Nasrallah.
Ovule
Embryo Sac
Pics by Jürgen Berger / Heiko Schoof,
Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 
Pics by Jürgen Berger / Heiko Schoof,
Electron Microscopy Unit, Max Planck 
week 1, handout 1

13. 2n 2n The alleles for this locus are: What is a locus?
Bio 416 Torii
The alleles for this locus are:
What is a locus?
What is an allele? 2n 2n
Locus
week 1, handout 1

14. Dominance Filial 1; F1 2n Yellow is dominant to green Bio 416 Torii
week 1, handout 1

15. Bio 416 Torii
Segregation 2n
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE F2?
week 1, handout 1

16. Filial 1; F1 X n Y y YY Yy yy 2n PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE Bio 416 Torii
week 1, handout 1

17. NOMENCLATURE The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
Bio 416 Torii
NOMENCLATURE
leafy
WILD TYPE
The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
The protein product: LEAFY (LFY)
The mutant: leafy (lfy)
Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1)
Different genes with same symbol:
LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)
week 1, handout 1

18. NOMENCLATURE The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
Bio 416 Torii
NOMENCLATURE
leafy
WILD TYPE
The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
The protein product: LEAFY (LFY)
The mutant: leafy (lfy)
Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1)
Different genes with same symbol:
LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)
In the first page of the articles I am giving you, highlight all of these.
week 1, handout 1

19. The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
Bio 416 Torii
wild type
yourname
You are characterizing an important gene in your lab. Being a modest scientist you decide to name it after yourself. Fill in the blanks using the gene you named after yourself:
The striking dominant phenotype of the _______ mutant was found to be caused by a 4 amino acid deletion in the coding sequence of _______. An in vitro analysis using purified _______ revealed that the removal of the 4 a.a missing in the _______ allele causes an increase in catalytic activity. A similar mutant allele ________ with a weak phenotype was found to carry a non-synonymous substitution in one of the 4 a.a. missing in ________.
The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
The protein product: LEAFY (LFY)
The mutant: leafy (lfy)
Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1)
Different genes with same symbol:
LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)
week 1, handout 1

20. The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
Bio 416 Torii
wild type
yourname
You are characterizing an important gene in your lab. Being a modest scientist you decide to name it after yourself. Fill in the blanks using the gene you named after yourself:
The striking dominant phenotype of the _julian-1_ mutant was found to be caused by a 4 amino acid deletion in the coding sequence of _JULIAN__. An in vitro analysis using purified _JULIAN_ revealed that the removal of the 4 a.a missing in the _julian-1_ allele causes an increase in catalytic activity. A similar mutant allele __julian-2_ with a weak phenotype was found to carry a non-synonymous substitution in one of the 4 a.a. missing in _JULIAN_.
The wild type gene: LEAFY (LFY)
The protein product: LEAFY (LFY)
The mutant: leafy (lfy)
Different mutant alleles: leafy-1, leafy-2 (lfy-1)
Different genes with same symbol:
LEAFY1, LEAFY2 (LFY1)
week 1, handout 1

21. Line 1 Line 2 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed?
Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated:
Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1) in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background
Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background.
Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background?

22. Line 1 Line 2 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed?
Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated:
Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1) in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background
Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background.
Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background?
er105 ER

23. Line 1 Line 2 What is the genotype of the plants to be crossed?
Lusheng is trying to develop plants that express ERECTA with a c-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) tag and a membrane localization marker tagged with the protein mCherry. The purpose of these lines is to study the particular membrane compartment in which ERECTA is found. Lusheng has two lines that have been generated:
Line 1: ERECTA-YFP (LOCUS 1) in the er105 (LOCUS 2) mutant background
Line 2: mCherry (LOCUS 3) in the wild type background.
Lusheng decides he is going to cross these two lines in order to analyze the localization of ERECTA. How will the segregation work and how many plants will he have to screen in order to obtain a plant that has both ERECTA-YFP and mCHERRY in the er105 background?
er105