1. Clean Cities / 1 NORTHERN COLORADO CLEAN CITIES Natural Gas Vehicles Overview Maria DiBiase Eisemann Co-coordinator marianccc@Comcast.net October 21, 2014

2. Clean Cities / 2 INTRODUCTION: Clean Cities Mission… To contribute to the energy, environmental, and economic security of the Unites States by supporting local decisions to reduce our dependence on imported petroleum. Supported by the US Department of Energy A community-based, voluntary program that fosters partnerships among stakeholders in the public and private sectors to reduce petroleum use. Alternative fuel neutral Goal: Reduce U.S. petroleum use by 2.5 billion gallons per year

3. Clean Cities / 3 Clean Cities Coalitions Nearly 100 coalitions in 45 states 775,000 AFVs using alternative fuels 6,600 fueling stations

4. Clean Cities / 4 Natural Gas-clean burning, domestically produced and inexpensive Hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH 4 ) and others such as propane High octane rating, excellent for spark ignited ICE Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater Lower ozone-forming emissions than gasoline Extracted from gas and oil wells Increasing amount form biogas resources Existing vast pipeline distribution system in US Used for decades to fuel vehicles Accounts for approx. ¼ of energy used in US (residential, commercial, industrial, elec generation) 1/10 for transpo fuel Basics

5. Clean Cities / 5 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Stored in onboard tanks under high pressure Fuel economy similar to gasoline 1 GGE = 5.7 lb CNG Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Kept at cold temperatures (-260 F) Stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated pressure vessels Heavy-duty vehicles 1 GGE = 1.5 gal LNG Basics: CNG and LNG

6. Clean Cities / 6 Ford Transit Connect CNG taxi with tanks stored in rear of vehicle Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles

7. Clean Cities / 7 Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) Run only on natural gas Better performance Lower emissions Increased cargo capacity Bi-fuel NGVs Two fueling systems o Natural gas o Gasoline Fueling flexibility Dual-fuel NGVs Run on diesel and natural gas Heavy-duty vehicles only Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles

8. Clean Cities / 8 Basics: Natural Gas Vehicles Operates much like a gasoline spark-ignited engine A: Gas fill valve B: High Pressure Cylinders C: Master manual shut-off valve D: High-pressure fuel line E: Regulator, reduces pressure for fuel injectors F: Natural gas solenoid valve, allows gas into fuel injectors G: Fuel-injection system-natural gas mixed with air burned to produce power Some HD vehicles use spark-ignited CNG systems Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc.

9. Clean Cities / 9 Benefits and Considerations Public Health and Environment Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Lower particulate pollution and carcinogens CNG Honda Civic cleanest ICE on earth (USEPA) Energy Security Plentiful in U.S. Existing infrastructure Driving Range Shorter than gasoline, function of tank size Comparable power and speed Deployment Proven and established 112,000 natural gas vehicles in U.S. in 2011

10. Clean Cities / 10 Generally better for high-mileage, centrally-fueled fleets that operate within a limited area Light-Duty NGVs Suitable for light-duty needs in private and government fleets Honda Civic GX Medium-Duty NGVs Vans and shuttles Airports and taxi fleets Heavy-Duty NGVs Refuse haulers Transit buses School buses Street sweepers Snowplows Short-haul delivery trucks Use: Fleet Applications Natural Gas Vehicles for America www.ngvamerica.org

11. Clean Cities / 11 CNG Trends Trends in alternative fuel consumption in alternative fuel vehicles, by fuel type, from 1995 to 2011. (CNG) consumption has increased steadily since 1995, owing largely to state and federal government incentives, increased natural gas supply, and falling natural gas prices. Use of propane, on the other hand, which was once the most common alternative vehicle fuel, has trended downward as CNG has become more popular. E85 use has been growing as the availability of flex fuel vehicles from major manufacturers has increased, and as an increasing number of fueling stations offer E85.

12. Clean Cities / 12 FUEL PRICE VOLATILITY Diesel Retail price $4.43/GGE (early 2008) Distribution and Marketing 26% 42% 9% 6% 18% Natural Gas Operations Maintenance Amortization Pipeline Electricity Taxes Electricity Retail price $1.14/eGallon 25% 30% 15% Fuel Costs Capital Costs Transmission and Delivery Taxes COST PER GAL $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 64% 21% 5% 10% Crude OIl Taxes Refining Distribution and Marketing Gasoline Retail price $3.77/GGE (early 2008) 75% 10% 5% 10% Crude OIl Taxes Refining CNG Retail price $2.10/GGE (early 2008) Source: US DoE EERE, EIA, and NGVA PPPump Prices of certain alt. fuels are less subject to changes in market prices for energy

13. Clean Cities / 13 Fuel Prices

14. Clean Cities / 14 Offsite, Public Access Utilize an existing public station Operated by retailer, utility, or fleet Anchor fleet or pool of multiple fleets Onsite, Private Access Exclusive use by fleets Time-fill stations always private access Onsite, Public Access Often located outside of restricted areas Benefit from economy of scale Promotes public use of NGVs Must have fast-fill capabilities for public Use: Fueling Stations

15. Clean Cities / 15 Fleet-Owned and -Operated Fleet works with vendors on station development Fleet owns and operates station Outsourced to Independent Provider Outside development, ownership, and operation Fleet provides demand threshold Long-term price agreement Public access possible Fleet-Owned, Contractor-Operated Reduces fleet risk Fleet relies on experienced operator Usually a 5-7 year contract Use: Station Ownership and Operation

16. Clean Cities / 16 Time-Fill Fueling Good for centrally-based fleets with consistent schedules CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight Lower cost investment Fast-Fill Fueling Fueling takes place in minutes Necessary for public-access stations Good for vehicles with little downtime Combo-Fill Fueling Time-fill and fast-fill More flexibility in fueling Use: CNG Fueling

17. Clean Cities / 17 Mobile Fueling Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment Provides temporary fueling option Starter/Containerized System Complete fueling station, including storage tank, dispensing, metering, and required containment Turn-key solution Custom Station Larger storage tanks Multiple dispensers LNG and/or CNG dispensing Use: LNG Fueling

18. Clean Cities / 18 Questions to Ask How many vehicles will be fueled each day? How much fuel will each vehicle need? When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled? What are the site development requirements? Use: Getting Started

19. Clean Cities / 19 Prepare Fleet Inventory and Replacement Schedule Identify vehicle replacement potential Determine station sizing plan Explore Your Options Contact vehicle vendors Contact equipment vendors Meet with station developers Visit Existing Sites Fast-fill and time-fill Private and public Ask Questions Clean Cities coordinators Station developers Vendors Use: Getting Started

20. Clean Cities / 20 Codes and Standards

21. Clean Cities / 21 For More Information Clean Cities AFDC FuelEconomy.gov

22. Clean Cities / 22 For More Information Clean Cities website www.cleancities.energy.gov Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center website www.afdc.energy.gov Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalitions www.afdc.energy.gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators.php Natural Gas Vehicles for America www.ngvamerica.org Some of the information in this presentation was provided by Natural Gas Vehicles for America, in the presentation, “The Compelling Case for NGVs in Public and Private Fleets,” by Stephe Yborra, Director of Communications for the Clean Vehicle Education foundation and NGVAmerica, May 26, 2010.

23. Clean Cities / 23 Maria Eisemann Co-coordinator Northern Colorado Clean Cities Marianccc@comcast.net 970-988-2996 www.northerncocleancities.org For More Information