1. Eyes and Vision [Name of Presenter] Doctor of Optometry

2. Presentation provided by: Scott A. Jens, O.D. AOA Member Madison, WI

3. The Amazing Eye

4. The process of vision  An object in the world is seen by the eye upside down  The brain processes the eye’s image to create the picture of the object Brain ANDY

5. When vision is bad...  The cornea and lens need to focus light onto the retina for clear vision  Often, the focus is not sharp...

6. Hyperopia (farsightedness)

7. Myopia (nearsightedness)

8. Astigmatism

9. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

10. Hyperopia (farsightedness)  Too little focusing power causes light to be focused “behind” the retina  Convex lenses focus light onto the retina  A significant cause of learning problems, as it often goes undetected by school or pediatrician screenings  Common cause of reading glasses

11. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

12. Astigmatism  The cornea/lens optical system is different in the horizontal and vertical focal planes  Found in combination with farsightedness and nearsightedness  Results in blur at distance and near  Compound-grind lenses focus light onto the retina

13. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness) 18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

14. Myopia (nearsightedness)  Too much focusing power causes light to be focused “in front” of the retina  Concave lenses focus light onto the retina  Early onset occurs between 2 nd and 5 th grades, onset most common between grades 6 th and 10 th  Many control methods examined, and none work!

15. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism 23%  Myopia (nearsightedness) 18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders 14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

16. Non-strabismic binocular disorders  The “binocular” system of humans depends on vision from each eye that is equally clear and overlapped into one image instead of double  Eye aiming can be miscoordinated  Many learning difficulties can result from the eyes not easily aiming at the same point -- the more the effort, the more the fatigue, etc.

17. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

18. Strabismus  “Eye turn”  Crossed eye, esotropia  Wandering eye, exotropia  Double vision is uncommon because of brain adaptation called suppression  Treatments include: proper prescription, patch to equalize the individual eyes’ abilities, and surgery by age 2 for greatest chance at a functional cure

19. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

20. Amblyopia  Phrase “lazy eye” is often used to describe amblyopia  Permanent reduction of an eye’s best sharpness, even with glasses, that results from the brain constantly ignoring the image of an eye that is crossed or from an eye that is significantly different in prescription than the other eye

21. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

22. Accommodative disorders  Accommodation = ability to “zoom” focus on near objects  Problems can include insufficient amount of focus, overly active focus, lock of focus, and slowly shifting focus  The muscle that controls focus can be trained to work more efficiently  Bifocals can be used for children

23. Incidence of eye disorders, age 6 mos. to 18 yrs.  Hyperopia (farsightedness) 25%  Astigmatism23%  Myopia (nearsightedness)18%  Non-strabismic binocular disorders14%  Strabismus12%  Amblyopia 7%  Accommodative disorders 6%  Peripheral retinal abnormalities, 2% requiring referral or follow-up

24. Peripheral retinal abnormalities  Dilated eye examinations are periodically required to evaluate parts of the inner eye that can show abnormality  Examples include retinal degenerations, retinal detachments, and retinal tumors.

25. Inside the numbers...  26% of US population is less than 18 years of age  31% of those 6 to 16 years old had an eye and vision examination within the past year  14% of those less than 6 years old had an eye and vision examination within the past year

26. Vision checkups and screenings  Many people benefit from having their eyes tested with an eye chart to see if they see properly -- called a “screening”  Vision screening is never a replacement for a comprehensive eye examination  Screenings check for vision blurriness  Exams evaluate vision blurriness, PLUS eye muscle teaming, focus ability, and eye health

27. Why so few eye exams?  Parent reliance on vision screenings, provided by pediatrician or school  Cost to uninsured families  Lack of good public information as to the importance of periodic eye care

28. Unable to pay for professional care? NOTE: Due to differences in state, province, and region free services, add info applicable to audience, or remove slide from presentation if services are unavailable.

29. The Role of Vision in Learning  The eyes must see clearly, without double vision, and with accurate depth of focus control  A child must have the visual ability to learn to read prior to reading to learn  When a child cannot learn, think first of their ability to see, then of their ability to learn

30. Comprehensive Eye Exams  Optometrists and ophthalmologists are eye doctors who provide eye examinations  Are easy and painless!  Can find the problems that relate to poor learning  Here is a “peek”...

31. Color Vision

32. Depth Perception

33. Keratometry

34. Visual Acuity

35. Refraction

36. Eye Health Test

37. Eye Pressure

38. Eye Drops -- Dilating the Pupil

39. Eye Health Tests

40. The “Headlight” Health Exam

41. Tests for Babies and Young Children, too!

42. Questions??

43. Thank you!!