1.  Effects of High CO 2 on Marine Plants Leander Love-Anderegg Bio 433 4/8/2013

2. CO 2 = Plant food, right? CO 2 + Light CO 2 + Light CO 2 Fertilization (e.g. Cao & Woodward (1998) Nature )

3. CO 2 Fertilization in the Sea 1)Physiological response: Riebesell (2004) J. of Oceanography

4. The physiological flipside  Ocean acidification  Winners and losers, But effects still uncertain Rost et al. (2008) Marine Ecol. Prog. Series

5. 2) Ecological effects  CO 2 concentration can shift community structure Direct and indirect effects shift competitive balance of phytoplankton assemblages Shikano and Kawabato (2000) Hydrobiologia Riebesell (2004) J. of Oceanography

6. 3) Evolutionary Effects  Phytoplankton phase out use of CCMs over multiple generations (Bell et al. (2008) Evolutionary Applications )  Short generation time  evolutionary potential reasonably large

7. The Forecast?  Overall increase in phytoplankton NPP  But not as large as might predict  Evolutionary responses will likely dampen effects  Phytoplankton community shifts (with possible ecological consequences)

8. Sources: 1.Bell, G. and S. Collins. 2008. Adaptation, extinction and global change. Evolutionary Applications. 1:3-16. 2.Riebesell, U. 2004. Effects of CO(2) enrichment on marine phytoplankton. Journal of Oceanography. 60:719-729. 3.Rost, B., I. Zondervan and D. Wolf-Gladrow. 2008. Sensitivity of phytoplankton to future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry: current knowledge, contradictions and research directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 373:227-237. 4.Shikano, S. and Z. Kawabata. 2000. Effect at the ecosystem level of elevated atmospheric CO2 in an aquatic microcosm. Hydrobiologia. 436:209-216. 5.Wolf-Gladrow, D.A., U. Riebesell, S. Burkhardt and J. Bijma. 1999. Direct effects of CO2 concentration on growth and isotopic composition of marine plankton, pp 461-476. 6.Woodward, F.I. and M.R. Lomas. 2004. Vegetation dynamics - simulating responses to climatic change. Biological Reviews. 79:643- 670. Photo credits: rachelsussman.com, wikipedia.com/phytoplankton, http://www-v1.amnh.org/