1. COCCIDA – Malaria lecture NO-10-
Dalia Kamal Eldien Mohammed

2. The basic generally accepted practical classification of the medically important parasitic protozoa
Amoebae
Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba species
Naegleria species
Flagellates
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma species
Leishmania species
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
Coccidia
Blood and tissue coccidia:
Plasmodium species
Toxoplasma gondii
Intestinal coccidia:
Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Microsporidia
Encephalitozoon species
Enterocytozoon species

3. Malaria Malaria parasites are intracellular protozoa.
Malaria is Potentially life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium protozoa, transmitted to humans from infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
Malaria parasites are intracellular protozoa.
The Plasmodium parasite infect the red blood cells (RBCs)
Malaria is mainly a disease of tropical and subtropical areas.
Malaria is preventable and curable
If left untreated, the development of severe complications can cause death

4. Malaria Have Indirect life cycle.
Anopheles mosquito is the definitive host (development of the parasite refer as sporogony).
Human is the intermediate host (development of the parasite refer as schizogony).

5. taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Protozoa Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoasida
Order Eucoccidiorida
Family Plasmodiidae
Genus Plasmodium
Species falciparum,  malariae,  ovale,  vivax

6. Plasmodium species:
Plasmodium falciparum.
Plasmodium vivax.
Plasmodium ovale.
Plasmodium malariae.
Plasmodium knowlesi, has recently been identified as a clinically significant pathogen in humans in Southeast Asia
Among patients with malaria, 5-7% are infected with more than a single Plasmodium species.
P falciparum and P vivax are responsible for most new infections.
Each species has a defined area of endemicity, although geographic overlap is common.

7. Distribution Of Plasmodium falciparum

8. Distribution Of Plasmodium vivax

9. The vector

10. Mode of Transmission Mosquitoes bites Blood transfusions
Transplacental

11. Life cycle The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts
During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host
Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts
which rupture and release merozoites
Merozoites leave the liver and infect red blood cells (erythrocytic schizogony)
The trophozoites (ring stage the feeding stage of a protozoan parasite )mature into schizonts or gametocyte
The schizonts rupture releasing more merozoites
The gametocytes is sexual erythrocytic stages, wait for mosquito

12. Life cycle Gametocytes ingested by mosquito.
Male and female gametes produce Zygote which is become an ookinete
The ookinete attach to the mosquito gut and give oocyst.
Mature oocyst ruptures and release the Sporozoites reach salivary glands of mosquito.

15. Clinical features and pathology of malaria
The characteristic feature of malaria is fever caused by the release of toxins (when erythrocytic schizonts rupture) which stimulate the secretion of cytokines from leucocytes and other cells.
Incubation period 6-19 days
The classical attack lasts 6-10 hours.
a cold stage (sensation of cold, shivering)
a hot stage (fever, headaches, joint & muscle pain vomiting; seizures in young children)
and finally a sweating stage (sweats, return to normal temperature, tiredness)

16. Symptoms Headache Back & joints pain Vomiting & diarrhoea.
Anemia & jaundice
Splenomegaly.

17. Severe malaria manifests as follows:
Cerebral malaria: This feature is always caused by P falciparum infection, Coma may occur.
Severe anemia
Renal failure: a rare complication of malarial infection.
Respiratory symptoms: Patients with malaria may develop metabolic acidosis and associated respiratory distress.
Black water fever; rare complication, occur due to rapid massive intravascular hemolysis of both parasitized & nonparasitized RBCs, haemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria& renal failure.

18. Laboratory diagnosis The diagnosis of malaria is by:
Detecting and identifying malaria parasites microscopically in blood films.
Concentrating parasites in venous blood by centrifugation when they cannot be found in blood films.
Using a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to detect malaria antigen.

19. Malaria parasites in thick and thin blood films stainsby
● Field’s stain
● Giemsa stain
Results
Chromatin of parasite Dark red
Cytoplasm of parasite Blue
Schuffner’s dots Red
Red cells Grey to pale mauve

20. Trphozoite of plasmodium

21. Gametocyte of plasmodium

22. ????

23. p. falciparum
Not in peripheral
blood: 16-26
In peripheral
blood

24. ???

26. Rapid Diagnostic test
ParaSight F and ICT Malaria PF:
Helpful , not need microscope
It depends on detection of P.falciparum histidinerich protein 2 (HRP-2)
Disadvantage is used for p. falciparum only
OptiMal test:
Detects plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH),
Advantage that is used for all species

27. Rapid Diagnostic test